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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of diabetes?

A

-Relative or absolute deficiency of insulin, causing glucose intolerance

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2
Q

What percent of the US population has diabetes?

A

8-9%

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3
Q

How many people die a year in the US from diabetes?

A

73,000

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4
Q

What percent of people are undiagnosed?

A

50%

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5
Q

What percent of population is in pre-diabetic state?

A

-14%

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6
Q

What is the fasting blood sugar of a diabetic?

A

Greater than 125 mg/dL

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7
Q

What is that fasting glucose in prediabetes?

A

Between 100-125

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8
Q

If you do a 75 gm glucose tolerance test what is the glucose level in a diabetic after 2 hrs?

A

Greater than 200 mb/dL

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9
Q

What is the HbA1c in a diabetic?

A

Greater than 6.5%

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10
Q

What cells does insulin affect glucose uptake in?

A
  • Muscle cells
  • Fibroblasts
  • Fat Cells
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11
Q

What cells does insulin not affect glucose uptake in?

A
  • Neurons
  • Kidney
  • Red blood cells
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12
Q

what are symptoms of Type I diabetes?

A
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyphagia
  • Polyuria
  • Unexplained weight loss
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13
Q

What is secreted from beta cells in islets of langerhans in response to glucose?

A
  • Insulin

- C peptide

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14
Q

In a diabetic you have increased lipolysis that results in what?

A
  • Blood ketosis

- Elevated triglycerides

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15
Q

What metabolic pathways increase in diabetics?

A
  • Glycogenolysis

- Gluconeogenesis

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16
Q

T/F Diabetics have an anabolic effect

A

True

17
Q

What are the features of Type I diabetics?

A
  • Young onset
  • Loss of islet beta cells
  • Thin
18
Q

Do type I diabetics have natural insulin?

A

-No

19
Q

What do glucose levels often get up to before a type I diabetic is diagnosed?

A

-Greater than 500 mg/dl

20
Q

What does type II Diabetes correlate with?

A
  • Excessive visceral fat

- Hypertension and risk for atherosclerosis dyslipidemia

21
Q

What type of diabetic has minimal ketones or acidosis but has very high glucose?

A

-Type II

22
Q

What are some ethnic groups that have higher risk for Type II diabetes?

A
  • Pima indians
  • Hispanics
  • African Americans
23
Q

What can damage the pancreatic islet cells that can cause type II diabetes?

A

-Amyloidosis

24
Q

When some has ketoacidosis what do you see?

A
  • Dehydration

- Deep labored breathing

25
Q

What is Metabolic syndrome?

A

Group of risk factors that can increase your chance of developing heart disease, diabetes, and stroke

26
Q

Diabetes insipidus includes increased urine production but it is not related to what?

A

-Glucose metabolism

27
Q

What does diabetes insipius often relate to?

A

-ADH abnormality

28
Q

What are some risk factors that are included in metabolic syndrome?

A
  • Type II diabetes
  • Abnormal lipid metabolism (high TGCs and LDL low HDL
  • Excess fat around waste
  • Hypertension
29
Q

T/F Metabolic syndrome people have a pro-thrombic tendency

A

True

30
Q

T/F Metabolic syndrome people have a pro-inflammatory state

A

True

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Metabolic syndrome?

A
  • Increased visceral adiposity
  • Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity
  • Increased hepatic inflammation and cirrhosis
32
Q

What are the major metabolic complications with metabolic syndrome or Type II Diabetes?

A
  • Very high glucose
  • Hyperosmolar coma
  • Brain swelling due to increased osmolarity
33
Q

What are the oral problems associated with Diabetics?

A
  • Increased gingivitis and periodontitis
  • Poor wound healing
  • Abnormal infections
  • Xerostomia
  • Avoid hypoglycemia
34
Q

What causes Gestational diabetes?

A

-Due to stress of pregnancy

35
Q

What can develop after gestational diabetes?

A

-Type II

36
Q

What can happen in babies if the mother with gestational diabetes is not well controlled?

A
  • Early hypoglycemia

- Fetal malformations (Insulin is a growth factor)

37
Q

What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?

A

-Coronary artherosclerosis with MI

38
Q

Autonomic nerve dysfunction is a long term complication of diabetes, what do you see with this?

A
  • Abnormal GI motility
  • Hypotonic bladder
  • Increased UTI

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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