Diabetes

Question 1

What are the 4 forms of diabetes?

Answer 1

1-Type I (genetically linked loss of B-Cells/no insulin)
2-Type II (lifestyle linked insensitivity to insulin)
3-Gestational (fetus-induced changes in metabolism)
4-Specifc types

Question 2

What are some common symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 2

• polyuria and thirst
• weakness and fatigue
• hunger and weight loss
• blurred vision
• peripheral neuropathy
• impaired wound healing
• sweet breath and urine

Question 3

What causes Type I diabetes?

Answer 3

Autoimmune distruction of B-Cells

Question 4

What is the bodies response to lack of insulin?

Answer 4

Responds as though it were in a state of prolonged fasting (ketone bodies start forming eventually)

Question 5

What are 3 main interventions to help regulate type I diabetes?

Answer 5

1-Insulin administration
2-Glucose monitoring (glucometer or continous fluid monitoring)
3-diet (low carbs)

Question 6

What are the two main approaches to keep fasting glucose levels between 80-140 mg/dl?

Answer 6

1-Injections (several types of insulin)

2-pump (one type of insulin administered continuously

Question 7

What causes Type II diabetes?

Answer 7

progressive increase of blood glucose due to reduced insulin sensitivity and degeneration of insulin production

Question 8

What are 3 management approaches for Type II diabetes?

Answer 8

1-Lifestyle (reduce carb, increase physical activity etc.)
2-Oral Hypoglycemics (increase insulin secretion/sensitivity)
3-Insulin

Question 9

What are 4 common drug types to treat Type II hyperglycemia?

Answer 9

1-Metformin (reduces gluconeogensis and lipogenesis)
2-Alpha-glucosidas inhibitors (prevent carb adsorption)
3-Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist (increase glucose transporter expression)
4-Sulfonylureas (increase insulin secretion by affecting K+ channels)

Question 10

What are the 5 main methods for detecting diabetes?

Answer 10

1-Urnalysis
2-Glucose monitoring
3-HBA1c (glycolated hemoglobin levels)
4-Glucose tolerance test
5- C-Peptide test (can distinguish type I and II)

Question 11

What are some major signs of Hypoglycemia?

Answer 11

1-Neuroglycopenic symptoms: low brain glucose (exhaustion, irritability, dizziness, headache, loss of speech)
2-Autonomic symptoms (increased HR, sweating, trembling, nausea, hunger)

Question 12

What are 3 important treatments for Hypoglycemia?

Answer 12

• Immediate sugar
• Glucagon
• Test blood sugar (repeatedly)

Question 13

What some general long term complications of diabetes?

Answer 13

1-Cardiovascular disorders
2-blindness
3-kidney disease
4-neurologic complications
5-impaired wound healing/amputation