definitions

Question 1

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

mechanism of action of a drug on an organism

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

the process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformed) and eliminated by the body.

Question 3

drug

Answer 3

a chemical agent that is used in the diagnosis, the treatment or the prevention of a disease.

Question 4

Enteral routes

Answer 4

PO
SL
PR
gastric access via tube

Question 5

Parenteral routes

Answer 5

IV
IM
SQ
Sl
drug depots

Question 6

Drug metabolism

Answer 6

GI–> portal circulation–Liver first

Kidneys cannot filter lipid soluble drugs–agents reabsorbed back into systemic circulaiton

A charged molecule cannot easily diffuse out of the kidney lumen and therefore a charged drug molecule is returned into the systemic circulation.

Question 7

phase 1 liver metbolism of drugs

Answer 7

convert lipid soluble molecules into water soluble molecules by introducing or unmasking a polar group such as –OH or –NH2.

a drug bound to cytochrome P450 can be oxidized or reduced via NADPH

Question 8

Phase 2 liver drug metabolism

Answer 8

conjugation, wherein an endogenous polar group is added to a drug molecule—glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid or an amino acid.

This makes the molecule POLAR so kidney can excrete it

Question 9

Bioavailability

Answer 9

the fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form.

influenced by:
Solubility of the agent
Hepatic metabolism of the agent
Chemical binders

Question 10

Half life

Answer 10

is the amount of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by 50% after discontinuation of a drug.

Question 11

loading dose

Answer 11

an initial dose of drug that is higher then subsequent doses for the purpose of rapidly achieving therapeutic drug concentrations in the serum.

Question 12

Efficacy

Answer 12

refers to the degree to which a drug is able to induce maximal therapeutic effects. Efficacy is a term often used to compare drugs of different classes.

Question 13

Potency

Answer 13

the amount of drug required to produce 50% of the maximal response that the drug is capable of inducing. Potency is a term more frequently used to compare drugs of a similar class.

Question 14

EC50

Answer 14

Effective Concentration in 50% of subjects tested

Question 15

LD50

Answer 15

Lethal Dose in 50% of subjects tested

Question 16

Therapeutic index (T.I.)

Answer 16

a ratio of the dose of a drug that produces toxicity relative to the dose of the same drug that produces a clinically desired response.
T.I. = LD50 / EC50

Question 17

Physiologic antagonism

Answer 17

refers to two agonists in unrelated reactions which cause opposite effects.

Question 18

Neutralization antagonism

Answer 18

refers to a process in which two drugs bind to one another which serves to inactivate or partial inactivate each of the drugs.

Question 19

FDA/ DEA classification

Answer 19

CI – No approved medical use
 CII – High potential for abuse
 CIII – Moderate potential for abuse 
CIV – Low potential for abuse
OTC – Available over the counter