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Pre-DC A&P ll Exam 3 Cardiovascular System > Deck 2/ Page 2 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Deck 2/ Page 2 Deck (20)
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1
Q

Ischemia

A

= poor blood supply and

= reduction of blood flow

2
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced O2 supply DUE to Ischemia (low O2 in cell)

3
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Poor O2 in presence of normal blood flow

4
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

“Strangled Chest”

Severe pain that accompanies myocardial ischemia

5
Q

Symptoms of Angina Pectoris (4)

A
  1. crushing of chest, pain radiating down Left arm
  2. labored breathing, dizziness, perspiration
  3. occurs during exertion, fades w/rest
  4. relieved by nitroglycerin (vasodilator)
6
Q

Difference between Stable Angina and Unstable Angina:

A

Unstable: doesn’t follow a pattern, can occur with or without physical exertion
Rest and medicine may not help

Stable: occurs with exertion
Relieved by rest and vasodilators

Both conditions have Atherosclerosis

7
Q

What causes Reperfusion Damage?

A

Occurs when an oxygen deprived tissue (hypoxic) tissue’s blood supply is reestablished

a. due to formation of oxygen free radicals- anitoxidants defend the body against this damage and include the enzyme catalase, Vit E, C, and beta-carotene

8
Q

CCS - Cardiac Conduction System is responsible for what?

A

for initiating and distributing cardiac (electrical) impulses through the heart muscle

-causes it to beat

9
Q

Steps of CCS

A
  1. Sinoatrial Node (SA node) - PACEMAKER-
  2. Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of His)
  4. Right and Left bundle branches
  5. Purkinje Fibers
10
Q

What is the Pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sionatrial Node (SA)

11
Q

Why is the refractory period between cardiac muscle contractions is so long

A

this is the time period following a contraction when a second contraction cannot be triggered

It takes so long because its necessary for ventricles to relax and fill with blood before contracting to eject the blood

12
Q

Name the term referring to all the events associated with one heartbeat

A

cardiac cycle

13
Q

Define systole

A

phase of contraction

14
Q

Define Diastole

A

phase of relaxation

15
Q

Heart sounds:
What they represent
How they sound
How they are detected

A
  1. Represent the closing of heart valves
  2. Lubb= closing of AV valves (loud and long)
    Dupp= closing of SL valves (short and sharp)
  3. detected through stethoscope

*Murmur = If the closing of the valve cusps is incomplete, some blood may leak back

16
Q

Define Cardiac output (CO)

A

the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in ONE minute

HR x SV

Normal CO is 5 liters

17
Q

Define HR

A

number of beats per minute

18
Q

Define Stroke Volume (SV)

A

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with ONE Beat

19
Q

Factors that regulate HR

A
  1. Autonomic NS (in medulla of brainstem)
    - parasympathetic = decreases
    - sympathetic = increases
  2. Chemicals (hormones, ions- calcium increases, potassium and sodium decreases)
  3. Age (decreases)
  4. Sex (F= increased M= decreased)
  5. Temperature
  6. Emotion
  7. Disease
20
Q

Hemodynamics

A

a branch of physiology that deals with the circulation of the blood.