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Flashcards in Deck 2 Deck (59)
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1
Q

La Cosa Nostra

A

The term “ mafia” is synonymous with Cosa Nostra, referring to groups of organized crime “families” in the United states in a number of larger cities.

2
Q

Which of the following is an example of the provision of illicit goods and services?

A

Examples of the provision of illicit goods and services are: illegal gambling, loansharking, prostitution, illegal narcotics, and stolen property.

3
Q

The infiltration of business or government is not characterized by the following?

A

Coercive use of legal business or government agencies for purposes of exploitation. Examples: Business and consumer fraud, extortion by computer, and corruption using intimidation.

4
Q

What enforces contracts within organized crime circles?

A

Threats and violence

5
Q

Triads and Tongs are examples of organized crime groups within which ethnicity?

A

Chinese

6
Q

“Yakuza”?

A

Japanese. The Yakuza in Japan, are more hierarchical in nature. The generic term for organized criminal groups in Japan is “boryokudan,” which means violent ones. But the criminals call themselves “yakuza,” which refers to the worst possible hand in a popular Japanese card game. Yakuza commonly have ornate tattoos and dress distinctively.

7
Q

Which of the following is not one of the structures and organizations that the United Nations survey found?

A

Rigid Hierarchy, Devolved hierarchy, Hierarchical conglomerate, core criminal group, organized criminal network.

8
Q

Which of the following is the most significant reason that organized crime has become an international problem?

A

The globalization of the world economy, due in part to the fall of the Soviet Union, the switch to a free market economy in China, and emerging democracies around the world.

9
Q

Child Soldiers Prevention Act

A

The Child Soldiers Prevention Act (CSPA) of 2008 was signed into law in the United States, and the 2012 CSPA list includes governments in the following countries who have been identified as using child soldiers.

10
Q

Trafficking in Persons Act -Tier 3 country?

A

Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.

11
Q

Cybercrime?

A

The misuse of computers and the Internet to carry out criminal activity. Cyber crime refers to a method rather than a particular criminal offense, because many different kinds of offenses can be carried out by misusing computers and the Internet.

12
Q

Which of the following reports the lowest levels of Fraud?

A

Japan has low levels of fraud.

13
Q

Which of the following has the highest corruption?

A

High levels of corruption were correlated with judicial independence, low level of the human development index. Somalia, North Korea, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Sudan, Iraq, Haiti, Venezula

14
Q

Best example of international cooperation against organized crime, which is the first international instrument of its kind?

A

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

15
Q

Hawala

A

Payments for the shipments were made through an underground paperless banking system. In this system money is deposited in one country with a trusted broker and withdrawn the same day from a broker in another country

16
Q

A criminal act is committed by a person under the legal age

A

(Delinquency)

17
Q

What is the most universally accepted age of adult criminal responsibility?

A

18 years of age

18
Q

Status offense?

A

Acts for which only juveniles can be held liable. ex. Running away, curfew

19
Q

Self-reports have been consistent in finding that most juveniles:

A

Found that nearly all juveniles break the law at one time or another but that only a small proportion engage in persistent or serious criminal behavior.

20
Q

Due process in juvenile justice

A

Rehabilitative (Welfare of child)

21
Q

Youth Aid Section

A

Is a national police unit of trained officers that diverts more than half of young offenders out of the justice system.

22
Q

Which of the juvenile justice adjudication initiatives involves achieving consensus regarding whether or not juvenile court records can be used after the youth reaches adulthood?

A

Use of juvenile records

23
Q

Which of the international standards relating to juvenile delinquency pertains to the standards of treatment of persons under age 18 when confined to any institution or facility by the order of a court or similar body?

A

The convention on the rights of the child

24
Q

What have estimates put the number of juveniles worldwide that are in custody at?

A

China has the most juveniles in Prison

25
Q

Three principles that must be followed if delinquency prevention is to be more effectively sought?

A

Learning from the past, evaluation of existing efforts, and greater imagination in handling juveniles.

26
Q

Which of our model countries distinguishes between three types of juvenile misconduct under the law: juveniles between 14-20, offenders under 14, and juveniles who commit status offenses?

A

Japan

27
Q

Bangjiao (help and education) and work–study schools.

A

China has any nonjudicial approaches for juvenile rehabilitation, such as “bangjiao.” Bangjiao is often performed by a group of parents, neighbors, or others close to juvenile in an effort to provide corrective supervision.

28
Q

A simple definition of a _________ is that it is an agency with power to settle disputes in a society.

A

Court

29
Q

__________________ is a principle that holds that courts and judges are bound to the law and should make decisions without being under the influence, direct or indirect of other governmental or political structures.

A

Judicial Independence

30
Q

________________ systems are based on non-rational factors such as appointment by political leaders and election by the people.

A

Politically Based

31
Q

International ___________ are generally temporary bodies that are organized to judge persons for their behavior during a specific time for a specific event.

A

Tribunals

32
Q

__________ refers to fundamental norms that are recognized on the international level as having status superior to other norms.

A

Jus cogens

33
Q

__________________ involves the offender being transformed into a law abiding person through programs of medical, psychological, economic, or educational improvement.

A

Rehabilitation

34
Q

Restoration involves the ____________, _________________, and _____________ working together to restore the victim and he community to its previous state.

A

Community, Victim, offender

35
Q

In China, prisoners are subject to institutions called ___________, which are believed to promote “thought reform through labor.”

A

Laogai

36
Q

_________________ is any sentence in which a person’s body is subjected to physical pain, such as flogging, mutilation, electric shock, or branding.

A

Corporal Punishment

37
Q

.___________ designs measure data at one point in time, whereas _________ designs measure data over a period of time

A

Stock Designs; flow design

38
Q

________________________ represent a way to bring outsiders into the prisons to help with problems of administration and discipline.

A

Independent monitoring boards

39
Q

If we compare the use of noncustodial sanctions in England, France, and Germany, we can see that _________________ is clearly the leader in the use of such sanctions.

A

Germany

40
Q

Among the most controversial of the educational and reform methods used in Chinese correctional facilities are programs that promote _________________.

A

Thought reform

41
Q

__________________ is the single most pressing problem faced by prison systems across the world today.

A

Prison crowding

42
Q

In 1955 the ________________ developed what has become the most well known of prison guidelines, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.

A

United Nations

43
Q

_______________ is a method of warfare used by one side in a conflict or war when it believes that it lacks the military power of the other and so must use strategy or tactics that differ from conventional warfare.

A

Asymmetrical Warfare

44
Q

______________ is defined as terrorist activity committed by individuals or groups who may or may not be formally connected to a loose, cell- based organizational structure, with religious motivations, using asymmetrical warfare tactics to achieve ideological goals.

A

New terrorism

45
Q

The activities by governments against their own citizens or other countries are called _________________________.

A

State-sponsored terrorism

46
Q

______________ in its most simple terms is the use of political and economic pressure, negotiation, and compromise rather than violence to solve conflicts between nations or groups.

A

Foreign Policy

47
Q

______________________ are nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons that by their nature can cause mass casualties and extensive property damage.

A

Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)

48
Q

______________________ is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit actives that are often in great public demand.

A

Organized Crime

49
Q

The misuse of computer and the internet to carry out criminal activity is called ___________________.

A

Cyber Crime

50
Q

______________ is defined as abuse of a position of power for illegitimate private gain.

A

Corruption

51
Q

The______________________ produced by Transparency International examines the perceptions of businesspersons and analysts both inside and outside of 180 countries worldwide.

A

Corruptions Perceptions Index (CPI)

52
Q

It has been observed that the rise of ________________________ is an unfortunate by- product of globalization, through which technological advances and lower barriers to trade have created seamless electronic environment and empowered new classes of actors which bypass nation-states.

A

Transnational organized crime

53
Q

__________________ are acts for which only juveniles can be held liable.

A

Status Offenses

54
Q

The _______________________________________________ represent a proactive approach to delinquency involving the roles of family, school, the community, media, social policy, legislation, and the juvenile justice administration.

A

Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency

55
Q

Children should be ___________ from the formal system wherever appropriate and specifically to avoid being labeled as criminals.

A

Diverted

56
Q

In schools, interventions that target change in the social context appear to be______________, on average, than those that attempt to change individual attitudes, skills, and risk behaviors.

A

Effective

57
Q

Most juveniles are arrested for ____________ crimes.

A

Arson

58
Q

Juveniles and crime?

A

Top offenses: Arson, Motor vehicle theft, vandalism, burglary, larceny, stolen property, liquor laws, robbery, murder, rape, aggravated assault

59
Q

A model that forces on ensuring justice by guarding their constitutional rights under law during any contact with criminal justice officials.

A

Due process in juvenile justice: