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Endo / Repro > Day 1, 1 > Flashcards

Day 1, 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 groups of Hormones, according to chemical classification?

A

Protein-Peptide
Amine
Iodothyronines
Steroid

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2
Q

What is the major source of Prolactin?

A

Ant. Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

What is the major source of Adrenocorticotropin?

A

Ant. Pituitary Gland

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4
Q

What is the major source of ADH?

A

Post. Pituitary/Hypothalamus

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5
Q

What is the major source of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone TRH?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the major source of Chorionic Gonadotropin?

A

Placenta

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7
Q

What is the major source of Somatomedins?

A

Liver

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8
Q

What is the major source of Inhibin?

A

Gonads

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9
Q

What are the 7 Protein-Peptide hormones mentioned in class?

A

Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropin, ADH, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Somatomedins, Inhibin

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10
Q

What are the 2 Amine hormones mentioned in class?

A

Norepi, Epi

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11
Q

What is the major source of Norepi and epi?

A

Adrenal Medulla

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12
Q

What is the pathway for Epi production?

A

Tyr + Tyr Hydroxylase –> DOPA + Aromatic L-Amino Acid DC –> Dopamine + Dop B-Hydroxylase –> NE + Phenylethanol Amine N-Methyl Transferase –> Epi

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13
Q

What are the 2 examples of Iodothyronines mentioned in class?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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14
Q

What is the major source of T3 and T4?

A

T4: Thyroid gland
T3: Made in the target cell after binding T4

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15
Q

Is T3 or T4 the bioactive form?

A

T3

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16
Q

What are the 6 examples of steroids mentioned in class?

A

Estrogen, Progestin, Androgen, Glucocorticoid, Aldosterone, Vit D

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17
Q

What is the major source of Estrogens?

A

Ovary/Placenta

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18
Q

What is the major source of Progestins?

A

Ovary/Placenta

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19
Q

What is the major source of Androgens?

A

Testes/Adrenal Cortex

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20
Q

What is the major source of Aldosterone?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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21
Q

What is the major source of Glucocorticoids?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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22
Q

What is the major source of Vit D?

A

Skin, liver, Kidney

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23
Q

What is the general process of Protein Peptide hormone production?

A

Via Translation of the hormone

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24
Q

What is the general process of amine, iodothyronine and steroid hormone production?

A

Direct: Substrate + Enzyme = Hormone

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25
Q

Which classifications of hormones are freely circulating and which are carrier bound?

A

Protein and amine are free

Iodothyronines and steroids are carrier dependent

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26
Q

What 3 parts make up the Adenohypophysis?

A

Pars Tuberalis, distalis, and intermedia

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27
Q

What 2 parts make up the Neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa, and Infundibulum

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28
Q

What are the embryologic origins of the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum (Neural ectoderm) and Rathke’s pouch (Oral ectoderm)

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29
Q

What is the name of an incomplete Rathke’s Pouch migration?

A

Pharyngeal Hypophysis

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30
Q

What are the three cell types of the Adenohypophysis?

A

Acidophils
Basophils
Chromophobes

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31
Q

What are the hormones produced by Basophils?

A 
Follicle stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
"B-FLAT"
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32
Q

What are the hormones produced by Acidophils?

A

Prolactin
Growth Hormone
“APG” as in Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics

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33
Q

Be able to identify the cells types in the anterior and posterior pituitary…

A

http://medcell.med.yale.edu/systems_cell_biology/endocrine_systems_lab.php

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34
Q

What cell types produces Prolactin?

A

Lactotroph (mammotroph)

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35
Q

What cell type produces GH?

A

Somatotroph

36
Q

What hormone is produced by thyrotrophs?

A

TSH

37
Q

What is produced by Gonadotrophs?

A

FSH, LH

38
Q

What is produced by Corticotrophs?

A

ACTH, B-Endorphin, B-Lipotropin

39
Q

What is the influence of TSH?

A

Growth, energy balance

40
Q

What is the influence of Prolactin?

A

Breast development and milk production

41
Q

What is the influence of LH and FSH?

A

Steroid synth and Gamete development

42
Q

What is the influence of ACTH?

A

Water / Salt balance, Inflammation, and Metabolism

43
Q

What is the influence of GH?

A

Muscle / bone growth

44
Q

What neurotransmitter inhibits Prolactin?

A

Dopamine

45
Q

What hormones are released by the Posterior Pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

46
Q

What is the main function of the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin Production

47
Q

What is the series of the molecule precursors of melatonin?

A

Tryptophan –> 5-hydoxytryphtophan –> seerotonin –> N-acetylserotonin –> malatonin

48
Q

What is the physiological pathway for light influence on melatonin inhibition?

A

Light –> eye –> suprachiasmatic nucleus –> Sympathetic central pathways –> superior cervical ganglion –> pineal gland

49
Q

What is the result of blocking ADH?

A

Increased urine output may lead to dehydration.

50
Q

What are the 5 components of regulating fluid?

A

ADH, Thirst, RAAS, ANP, Sodium Appetite

51
Q

What are the neurotransmitters that inhibit and stimulate ADH release?

A

NE - inhibition

ACh - stimulate

52
Q

How does an upright position influence ADH levels and why?

A

Increase ADH: Stand up –> blood to legs –> decrease volume in carotid –> Barrow receptors decrease firing –> increase ADH in attempt to increase blood volume

53
Q

How does emotional stress influence ADH levels?

A

Increase

54
Q

What pathology decreases ADH levels?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

55
Q

Where is the site of influence of ADH?

A

Distal tubules –> increase water reabsorption

56
Q

What is the mechanism of ADH?

A

Bind to cell receptors –> Increase Adenyl Cyclase –> increase porone

57
Q

What is the cause of Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Decrease or absent ADH leads to increased, diluted urine output

58
Q

What are the types of DI?

A

Neurohypophyseal and Nephrogentic

59
Q

How can one differentiate between DI and Psychogenic Polydipsia?

A

If after water deprivation there is no decrease in urine output, DI.

60
Q

What is the treatment for complete lack of ADH?

A

DDAVP

61
Q

What is the treatment for partial lack of ADH?

A

Chlorpropamide

62
Q

What is the treatment for nephrogenic DI?

A

Thiazide diuretic

63
Q

What is Schwartz-Bartter syndrome?

A

Inappropriate ADH syndrome

64
Q

What is the main concern with SIADH syndrome?

A

Dilutional hyponatremia

65
Q

What are the three causes of SIADH?

A 
Change in set point of ADH (brain lesion)
Faulty stimuli (surgery)
Ectopic production (tumor - esp. lung)
66
Q

What are the three criteria for SIADH diagnosis?

A

Serum hypoosmolarity
Inappropriately concentrated urine
Elevated ADH

67
Q

What drug will suppress ADH?

A

Dilantin

68
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Loss of Ant pituitary (LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH) function due to ischemic necrosis.

69
Q

What are the top 3 presentations with pituitary adenoma?

A

Visual disturbances, Headache, Acromegaly

70
Q

What are two skin conditions that result from increase in ACTH?

A

Pigmentation change, Acne

71
Q

What are the female manifestations of a prolactinoma?

A

galactorrhea, menstrual irregularity, infertility

72
Q

What are the male manifestations of a prolactinoma?

A

galactorrhea, impotence, visual disturbances, headache, muscle weakness

73
Q

What is the pharm tx of prolactinoma?

A

Bromocriptine

74
Q

How can one distinguish a left from right sided pituitary adenoma?

A

Petrosal sinus sample

75
Q

What are the embryological origins of the posterior and anterior pituitary?

A

Post.: Neural Ectoderm

Ant.: Rathke’s Pouch (Ectodermal outpouching of oral cavity)

76
Q

What are the embryo origins of the Inferior and Superior Parathyroid glands?

A

3rd and 4th Pharygeal pouches, respectively

77
Q

What is the embryo origin of the Thyroid?

A

Foramen cecum (endoderm of the base of the tongue)

78
Q

What can result from improper migration of the thyroid during development?

A

Thyroglossal cysts - almost all are within 2 cm of midline

79
Q

What are the embryo origins of the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands?

A

Cortex: Mesoderm
Medulla: Neural Crest Ectoderm

80
Q

How does the pancreas form during development?

A

A ventral and dorsal bud form from the gut tube. The Ventral then migrates dorsally. The buds then fuse.

81
Q

What part of the adult pancreas is made of the ventral bud?

A

The head

82
Q

What is the origin of the primordial germ cells?

A

Yolk sack

83
Q

What cells are responsible for testosterone production?

A

Leydig cells

84
Q

What cells produce estrogen?

A

Follicular cells

85
Q

What cells produce progesterone?

A

Luteal

86
Q

What cells secrete Mullein inhibiting factor?

A

Sertoli

Endo / Repro (15 decks)

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