Crimes Flashcards Preview

Edexcel GCSE History Paper 1 > Crimes > Flashcards

Flashcards in Crimes Deck (50)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Describe crimes against authority

A

Betraying your king/lord

2
Q

Describe crimes against property

A

Crimes like theft, robbery and arson that involved taking or damaging something that belongs to someone else

3
Q

What was a moral crime?

A

Actions that were frowned upon by society

4
Q

What was the murdrum?

A

It held everyone in the hundred reponsible for the death of a Norman

5
Q

Why was the murdrum fine introduced?

A

To establish Norman control by making murdering a Norman severely punishable

6
Q

What was the Statute of Laborers?

A

It became a crime after the black death to ask for more money as a worker now that there were much less people.

7
Q

Why was the Statute of labourers introduced?

A

The upper class were worried about the lower class becoming more rich and powerful

8
Q

Why was treason considered the highest crime throughout the medieval period?

A

The King remained very powerful

9
Q

What was the forest laws?

A

30% of land would now be protected Royal Forests, controlled by the new forest laws. Breaking any forest rules, poaching animals or damaging vegeation was punishable.

10
Q

Why were the forest laws created?

A

It was a symbol of William I’s dominance

11
Q

What was heresy?

A

beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the church

12
Q

In what period heresy become a crime?

A

Late Medieval Period

13
Q

Why did heresy become a crime?

A

To protect the Church

14
Q

Describe the main differences between Catholic and Protestant Beliefs

A

Catholics thought that the Pope was the head of the Church, the bible services should be in Latin and that churches should be colorful and lavish.

Protestants believed Jesus Christ was the Head of the Church, the bible services should be in English and churches should be plain.

15
Q

How did heresy and treason become interlinked?

A

All monarchs from Henry VII onward, besides Mary I, were head of the Church of England. Opposing the monarch now meant you were opposing God.

16
Q

What monarch wanted to create a middle way between the two religions?

A

Queen Elizabeth I

17
Q

What religion was Oliver Cromwell?

A

Puritan (extreme Protestant)

18
Q

What religious changes did Oliver Cromwell make?

A

He made activities and entertainment illegal

19
Q

Why did vagabondage become a crime in 1500-1700?

A

More and more people were moving out villages and into towns looking for work; they became beggars, tramps and vagrants.

People believed that vagabonds were lazy and the Puritan religion taught that everyone should be working hard.

20
Q

Why were there changing definitions of heresy in the period 1500-1700?

A

The definition of heresy changed continuously due to the constant changing of established beliefs as the monarch changed.

21
Q

Why did smuggling become a crime 1500-1700?

A

Economic Reasons

The government had introduced import duties on items like alcohol and tea. This meant people would try and avoid these taxes and sell the good for cheaper than the government.

22
Q

Describe the rise of poaching in the period 1500-1700

A

The 18th century enclosure movement meant many small farmers lost their land which also meant their food supply. They saw poaching as a remedy to which they were entitled

23
Q

What was the attitude towards witches in the years 1500-1700?

A
  • People of all backgrounds believed in witches
  • They were believed to have made a pact with the devil in exchange for powers
  • Witches were sometimes identified by their association with domestic animals (familiars)
24
Q

What was it hard to catch a poacher?

A

Neighbours wouldn’t report poachers since the law was seen as unfair

25
Q

By the end of the Early Modern Period, what was the attitude towards witchcraft?

A

They were seen as foolish and muddled; trickers trying to take advantage of others

26
Q

Explain why there was a rise in accusations of witchcraft

A
  • Religion was an important part of life. After Henry VIII led the break from the Catholic Church, people feared the old religion and decided to cleanse society
27
Q

What was the role of Matthew Hopkins in the Witch Hunt?

A

The witchfinder general, was a witch hunter in 1645. He ensured ‘witches’ gave him a list of other ‘witches’ that he could try.

28
Q

Why did witchcraft accusations decline?

A
  • People demanded clearer evidence
  • Scientific ideas were becoming more prominent
  • King Charles II supported scientific beliefs
  • People stopped believing in witches
  • Executions stopped
  • More rational thinking
29
Q

Why did smuggling become more problematic in the industrial period? (give examples)

A

Smugglers started to work in gang. For example, Hawkhurst Gang controlled smuggling around long stretches of the South Coast

30
Q

What were society’s view towards smuggling?

A

Many people benefitted from the cheapers good and didn’t see it as a crime

31
Q

What problems did the authorities have in stopping smuggling?

A

Smugglers would’ve often worked at night, hiding in coves.

32
Q

When did this happen?

A

It become much less profitable as import duties were reduced in the 1780s then against in the 19th century.

33
Q

Why did Poaching become more problematic in the Industrial period?

A

There was a rise in large scale gangs, similar to smuggling

34
Q

What were society’s view towards poaching?

A

The laws were heavily resented because they were viewed as unfair.

35
Q

Why did poaching eventually decline?

A
  • Harsh punishments

- Poverty declined

36
Q

Why did the death penalty result in the decrease of highway robbery?

A

The capital punishment acted as a deterrent thus less people would commit the crime.

37
Q

Why did the problem of highway robbery increase in the industrial period?

A
  • Increased wealth and trade meant that people carried
    large sums of valuables and cash.
  • Urbanization meant more people people into towns, isolating countryside which was where the robberies would take place
38
Q

Who were the tolpuddle martyrs?

A

A group of farmers in 1834 who were transported to Australia for creating a trades union

39
Q

Why were the Tolpuddle Martyrs arrested?

A

The authoritise were threatened by a union as they felt the union would interfere with the way they run their business. They were arrested for taking illegal oaths.

40
Q

Why did the tolpuddle martyrs not serve their full sentences?

A

People were outraged at their imprisonment and campaigned to get them back. Public opinion heavily influenced authorities.

41
Q

What was the attitude towards Domestic Violence in the 19th century?

A

The common view in soceity was that men were the dominant partners; if they were violent towards their partners it was their business and the authorities had no business interfering.

42
Q

What was the attitude towards Domestic Violence in the 20th century?

A

The attitude was changing. Women had gained a more valued place in society after WW1 and WW2 and they now had the right to vote. Society wanted equality so significant new laws were created

43
Q

When was the Domestic Violence act passed? What did it say?

A

The domestic violence act was passed in 1976.

It gave victims the right to ask for a court order against an abusive partner.

44
Q

What was illegal before 1967 and how was this crime carried out?

A

Terminating a pregnancy was illegal; if a woman wanted to end a pregnancy she’d resort to a ‘backstreet abortion’ from someone untrained

45
Q

What led to a change in the laws about abortion?

A

Growing liberalisation of attitudes in the 1960s led to protests

46
Q

Why was a new law needed for race crimes?

A

In the 1950s, many people from from commonwealth countries moved to Britain for work.

47
Q

When was the Race Relations Act put into place? How was it extended in 2006?

A

In 1968, the Race Relations Act made it illegal to refuse someone jobs/housing/services on basis of their race.
In 2006, this was extended to spreading religious hatred.

48
Q

What act decriminalized homosexuality? In what year?

A

In 1967, the sexual offences act decriminalised for men over 21 due to growing liberal attitudes.

49
Q

When was homophobia made illegal?

A

2005

50
Q

Describe 3 old crimes that have new opportunities in Modern Britain

A
  • In the 18th century, organised smuggling criminal gangs smuggled goods into the country to avoid import duties. Now, drug smuggling is a multi-million pound industry.
  • Selling of poor girls into prostitution was a problem in 19th century cities, now human trafficking is a problem where people from LEDCs are brought into the country and forced to work for lower wages.
  • Driving a horse-drawn coach while drunk was madeillegal in 1872, similarly in 1967 a new law set the maximum limit for the amount of alcohol a person can have in their system and drive a car.