Cote d' Or- Burgundy Flashcards
Clos St Jacques
Known for its quality in Gevery- Chambertin, but is a Premier Cru, but rivals Grand Cru
Marsannay
Simple, elegant, but expensive
Chambolle- Musigny
More feminine, fruit
Gevery- Chambertin
More structured. Dark fruits.
Cote d’ Or- Cote Du Nuit and Cote De Beaune:
Icon of Chardonnay. 50% Bourgogne. 30% Village, 12% Premier Cru, 3% Grand Cru. Cote Du Nuit- Red Burgundy: full bodied, powerful. Most Grand Cru Reds (more complexity, longer age abilities). Some Premier Crus in Cote Du Nuit have bigger reputations than Grand Cru.
Vosne-Romanee
Too of the top, “pearl of the Cote”
Cote De Beaune
Makes some of the best whites, but more red planted than white. Limestone on clay. Pinot- clay, L/ Stone- Chard. Red- Volnay, Pommard, Beaune. White- Chasagne, Pulligny, Meusault- No Grand Cru
Puligny
More Elegant and Limestone, Chasagne- Sweeter, lush because of more clay.
Pommard/ Volnay
Not as well known as the reds of the Cote Du Nuit but better priced.
Corton
Only Grand Cru in Cote Du Beaune. Can produce Reds and White. But if it is labelled Corton- Charlemagne, exclusively White
lieu dit (FR)
a named site or vineyard that is not neccesarily designated separately as a Premier or Grand Cru, but may be within a Premier or Grand Cru site
Cote d’ Or
Planted on a narrow band of slopes facing east or south- east, benefiting from maximum sun exposure.
The Morvan Hills behind the v/yards offer protection. Limestone and marl soils.
The Cote d’ Or is split into the Cote de Nuit and the Cote de Beaune
Cote de Nuits
Full bodied Pinot Noir with ageing potential. All grand cru reds except Corton found on the Cote de Nuits. Key communes (key grand cru sites in brackets) of the Cote de Nuits from North to South are: Marsannay, Fixin, Gevrey Chambertin (Chambertin, Chambertin- Clos de Beze, Charmes- Chambertin), Morey- St Denis (Clos de la Roche, Clos Saint Denis, Clos de Lambrays, Clos de Tart), Chambolle- Musigny (Le Musigny, Bonnes Marres), Vougeot (Clos de Vougeot), Vosne- Romanee (Richebourg, Romanee- Conti, La Tache and La Romanee), Grand Echezeaux (Echezeaux), Nuits- Saint- Georges.
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Region of Production
Cote d Or
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Winery Location
Vosne- Romanee
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Year Established
1869
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Summary
The Domaine de la Romanée-Conti (DRC) is widely considered the greatest red wine domaine in Burgundy. Its modern history can be traced to the 1869 purchase of Romanée-Conti by Jacques-Marie Duvault-Blochet, a Santenay-based négociant. However, the domaine’s most famous vineyard’s history goes back much further and is laid-out well in Richard Olney’s book titled Romanée-Conti. The vineyard’s most famous proprietor was Louis-François de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, who purchased what was then-known as La Romanée in 1760. The vineyard’s production was reserved for the prince’s table for the next 30+ years until the French Revolution and the resulting confiscation of clergy and nobility lands. The prince’s surname was appended to the vineyard’s name when it was auctioned off as a biens nationaux to emphasize its famous history; the greatest vineyard in Burgundy has been known as Romanée-Conti ever since. In 1942, Duvault-Blochet’s heirs, Edmond Gaudin de Villaine and Jacques Chambon, transformed the domaine into a société civile by splitting the shares equally between their families to prevent the domaine’s fracture when Jacques Chambon wanted to sell his portion. Henri Leroy, a négociant and personal friend of de Villaine, purchased Chambon’s half of the domaine and his heirs still own it. Today, Edmond de Villaine’s son, Aubert de Villaine, and Henry Leroy’s grandson, Henri-Frédéric Roch, oversee the domaine. In 1963, the domaine first purchased vines in Montrachet, and signed a lease for Prince Florent de Merode’s Corton vines in 2008. All farming has been organic since 1986 and biodynamic since 2007. The average vine age is 40-50 years. Re-planting is done by selection massale taken from Romanée-Conti’s pre-phylloxera vines prior to their removal in 1945.
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Vineyard Holdings
29.27 ha total
Romanée-Conti Grand Cru (monopole): 1.81 ha Pinot Noir
La Tâche Grand Cru (monopole): 6.06 ha Pinot Noir
Richebourg Grand Cru: 3.51 ha Pinot Noir
Romanée-Saint-Vivant Grand Cru: 5.29 ha Pinot Noir
Grands-Echézeaux Grand Cru: 3.53 ha Pinot Noir
Echézeaux Grand Cru: 4.67 ha Pinot Noir
Corton Bressandes Grand Cru: 1.19 ha Pinot Noir
Corton Clos du Roi Grand Cru: 0.57 ha Pinot Noir
Corton Renardes Grand Cru: 0.51 ha Pinot Noir
Le Montrachet Grand Cru: 0.68 ha Chardonnay
Bâtard-Montrachet Grand Cru: 0.17 ha Chardonnay
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Average Total Production
7,000 cases
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Top Wines Produced
omanée-Conti Grand Cru (monopole)
La Tâche Grand Cru (monopole)
Richebourg Grand Cru
Romanée-Saint-Vivant Grand Cru
Grands-Echézeaux Grand Cru
Echézeaux Grand Cru
Corton Grand Cru: blended from the three Corton lieux-dits.
Le Montrachet Grand Cru
Vosne-Romanée “Cuvée Duvault-Blochet” Premier Cru: produced in certain vintages from the domaine’s small holdings in Gaudichots, Petits Monts, and Au-Dessus de Malconsorts as well as second crop from the grand crus.
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Inaugural Vintages
Montrachet Grand Cru (1965), Vosne-Romanée “Cuvée Duvault-Blochet” Premier Cru (1999), and Corton Grand Cru (2009)
Domaine de la Romanee- Conti- Brief Description of Style / Vinification Techniques
Each of the domaine’s wines are long-lived. A team of 90 pickers sorts the grapes in the vineyard before delivery to the winery where they are sorted once more prior to vinification. The domaine is usually one of the last to harvest in Montrachet, its Chardonnay is whole-cluster pressed and the juice settles overnight. After racking, the wine ferments in 100% new Tronçais barrels. Currently, the domaine is experimenting with tapping barrels with reeds to create vibration and activate the lees instead of direct bâtonnage. Montrachet is usually fined and bottled in November or December following harvest. For red wines, grapes ferment as whole clusters if the fruit is clean enough and they are partially de-stemmed if the weather has been difficult. The grapes are cooled prior to fermentation, which occurs in open-top wood fermenters. Pigeage takes place twice a day after fermentation begins, and the wine averages 17-21 days on the skins. After pressing the wines age in 98% new oak for 18-22 months before it is bottled without fining or filtering. Wines are blended and bottled six barrels at a time using a bottling tank, to eliminate bottle variation that would occur were each barrel bottled individually.
Armand Rousseau- Region of production
Côte de Nuits
Armand Rousseau- Winery Location
Gevrey-Chambertin
Armand Rousseau- Year Established
1909
Armand Rousseau- Summary
Considering the average Burgundy domaine owns just tiny parcels of famous vineyards, it’s easy to see why Domaine Armand Rousseau is held in such universally high regard. This is a 13-hectare domaine with a whopping eight of those hectares in top Gevrey and Morey grand crus (see below for full details). Armand Rousseau started the domaine in 1909; he increased the vineyard holdings in the 1920s and 1930s and, upon the advice of Raymond Baudoin (founder of the Revue des Vins de France), Armand began domaine-bottling in the 1930s. Armand’s son Charles is widely credited with establishing the domaine’s worldwide acclaim. Charles’s son (Eric) runs the domaine today.
Armand Rousseau- Key Vineyard Holdings
13.5 ha total
Chambertin Grand Cru: 2.15 ha Pinot Noir, planted 1930-1997
Chambertin Clos de Bèze Grand Cru: 1.42 ha Pinot Noir, planted 1935-2000
Charmes-Chambertin Grand Cru: 1.37 ha Pinot Noir, planted 1948-1990
Ruchottes-Chambertin “Clos des Ruchottes” Grand Cru: 1.06 ha Pinot Noir, planted 1950-2003
Mazis-Chambertin Grand Cru: 0.53 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1945 and 1978
Clos de la Roche Grand Cru: 1.48 ha Pinot Noir, planted 1961-2008
Gevrey-Chambertin Clos Saint-Jacques Premier Cru: 2.22 ha Pinot Noir, planted 1935-1993
Gevrey-Chambertin Les Cazetiers Premier Cru: 0.60 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1948
Gevrey-Chambertin Lavaux Saint-Jacques Premier Cru: 0.47 ha Pinot Noir, planted 1948-1996
Armand Rousseau- Average Total Production
5,500 cases
Armand Rousseau- Top Wines Produced
Chambertin Grand Cru
Chambertin Clos de Bèze Grand Cru
Charmes-Chambertin Grand Cru
Ruchottes-Chambertin “Clos des Ruchottes” Grand Cru
Mazis-Chambertin Grand Cru
Clos de la Roche Grand Cru
Gevrey-Chambertin Clos Saint-Jacques Premier Cru
Gevrey-Chambertin Les Cazetiers Premier Cru
Gevrey-Chambertin Lavaux Saint-Jacques Premier Cru
Armand Rousseau- Inaugural Vintages
domaine-bottling began in the 1930s
Armand Rousseau- Brief Description of Style / Vinification Techniques
Eric Rousseau claims there are no real “secrets” to the quality of his wines: just old vines in top vineyard sites, pruned short with low yields, and careful farming. At harvest, the grapes are sorted in the vineyard and 90% de-stemmed—but not crushed. Fermentations start (without adding yeast) after four or five days of cold soak, and the wines are pumped over at the start of fermentation for oxygenation, then punched down in the latter stages. The wines spend 18-20 days on the skins and are settled for 24 hours after pressing. The Chambertin and Chambertin Clos de Bèze are aged in 100% new oak, the Clos Saint-Jacques is aged in 80% new oak, and the remaining grands and premiers crus are aged in once-used (or older) barrels. The wines spend 18 months in oak with one racking and are filtered prior to bottling.
Dujac- Region of production
Côte de Nuits
Dujac- Winery Location
Morey-Saint-Denis
Dujac- Year Established
1967
Dujac- Summary
Domaine Dujac is a relatively recent creation (at least in Burgundian terms): Jacques Seysses began his own estate with the purchase of the 4.5-hectare Domaine Graillet in 1967. He steadily added to his vineyard holdings, increasing the size of the domaine to 11.5 hectares by the time his children, Alec and Jeremy—along with Jeremy’s wife, Diana Snowden—joined the domaine. Viticulture has been organic and biodynamic for some time, clones are no longer used for any re-plantings, and the vines are pruned short with extra buds removed to assure a balanced crop and healthy fruit. In 2005, the domaine added four hectares of vines to their holdings by joining Etienne de Montille in the purchase of Domaine Thomas Moillard. Dujac Fils et Père is a négociant offshoot of Domaine Dujac that also produces excellent wines.
Dujac- Key Vineyard Holdings
15 ha total
Clos Saint-Denis Grand Cru: 1.29 ha Pinot Noir; 35-year-old vines
Clos de la Roche Grand Cru: 1.95 ha Pinot Noir; 30-year-old vines
Echézeaux Grand Cru: 0.69 ha Pinot Noir; 25-year-old vines
Bonnes Mares Grand Cru: 0.58 ha Pinot Noir; 30-year-old vines
Chambertin Grand Cru: 0.29 ha Pinot Noir; 40-year-old vines
Romanée Saint-Vivant Grand Cru: 0.16 ha Pinot Noir; 60-year-old vines
Gevrey-Chambertin Aux Combottes Premier Cru: 1.15 ha Pinot Noir; 30-year-old vines
Vosne-Romanée Aux Malconsorts Premier Cru: 1.57 ha Pinot Noir; 45-year-old vines
Morey-Saint-Denis Monts Luisants Premier Cru: 0.6 ha Chardonnay, planted in 1997
Dujac- Top Wines Produced
Clos Saint-Denis Grand Cru
Clos de la Roche Grand Cru
Echézeaux Grand Cru
Bonnes Mares Grand Cru
Chambertin Grand Cru
Romanée Saint-Vivant Grand Cru
Gevrey-Chambertin Aux Combottes Premier Cru
Vosne-Romanée Aux Malconsorts Premier Cru
Morey-Saint-Denis Monts Luisants Premier Cru (Chardonnay)
Dujac- Inaugural Vintages
the first wines at Dujac were made in 1969.
Dujac- Brief Description of Style / Vinification Techniques:
The wines of Domaine Dujac have evolved since Jacques Seysses stepped back from the day-to-day management of the domaine. Jacques was well-known for favoring 100% whole clusters and 100% new oak for his wines, but now the red grapes are partially de-stemmed if vintage conditions require—the Gevrey-Chambertin grapes are always partially de-stemmed as the domaine now feels (like Eric Rousseau) that the fruit of Gevrey-Chambertin does not suit whole-cluster vinification as much. The village-level wines today are aged in 20-25% new oak, while the premier crus see 50-75% new oak, and the grand crus see 70-100% new oak. The wines age 12-16 months in barrel and are bottled unfiltered and usually without fining.
Faiveley- Region of production
Burgundy
Faiveley- Winery Location
Nuit- St- Georges
Faiveley- Year Established
1825
Faiveley- Summary
Since Pierre Faiveley founded the domaine in 1825, Domaine Faiveley has been built up piece by piece, amassing some of the largest holdings in Burgundy. Erwan Faiveley represents the seventh generation of his family to lead the domaine and has continued to grow its holdings, purchasing Domaine Annick Parent and Domaine Monnot in 2007, and Domaine Dupont-Tisserandot in 2010. While the business remains a négociant, over 80% of the firm’s wines come from owned vineyards in the Côte d’Or and Côte Chalonnaise.
Faiveley- Vineyard Holdings
123 ha total
Corton Clos des Cortons Faiveley Grand Cru (monopole): 3 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1956, 1965, 1967, 1971, and 1977
Chambertin Clos de Bèze Grand Cru: 1.29 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1949, 1955, 1966 and 1983
Clos de Vougeot Grand Cru: 1.29 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1940, 1974, and 1980
Echézeaux Grand Cru: 0.83 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1941 and 1955
Latricières-Chambertin Grand Cru: 1.21 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1958, 1984, and 1989
Mazis-Chambertin Grand Cru: 1.20 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1937, 1959, and 1974
Musigny Grand Cru: 0.03 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1945
Corton-Charlemagne Grand Cru: 0.62 ha Chardonnay, planted in 1961 and 1988
Bâtard-Montrachet Grand Cru: 0.5 ha Chardonnay, planted in 1991
Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet Grand Cru: 0.51 ha Chardonnay, planted in 1978
Gevrey-Chambertin Clos des Issarts Premier Cru (monopole): 0.61 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1970
Beaune Clos de l’Écu Premier Cru (monopole): 2.37 ha Pinot Noir, planted in 1948, 1980, 1989, and 1991
Faiveley- Top Wines Produced
Corton Clos des Cortons Faiveley Grand Cru (monopole)
Chambertin Clos de Bèze “Les Ouvrées Rodin” Grand Cru: from the oldest vines
Chambertin Clos de Bèze Grand Cru
Clos de Vougeot Grand Cru
Echézeaux Grand Cru
Latricières-Chambertin Grand Cru
Mazis-Chambertin Grand Cru
Musigny Grand Cru
Corton-Charlemagne Grand Cru
Bâtard-Montrachet Grand Cru
Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet Grand Cru
Gevrey-Chambertin Clos des Issarts Premier Cru (monopole)
Beaune Clos de l’Écu Premier Cru (monopole)
Faiveley- Inaugural Vintages
Chambertin Clos de Bèze “Les Ouvrées Rodin” Grand Cru (2009)
Faiverley- Brief Description of Style / Vinification Techniques
The grapes are sorted in the winery on a sorting table prior to vinification. Lower-tier white wines are vinified in stainless steel tanks prior to barrel-aging, but the Puligny-Montrachet wines and all grands crus are barrel-fermented. The white wines do not see any bâtonnage, but the barrels are rolled every two or three weeks to incorporate the lees. Red grapes are 100% de-stemmed before vinification in stainless steel or wooden tanks. No yeasts are added, the fermentations are kept cool between 26-28° C, and pigeage is regularly practiced. The wines are pressed to barrel where they age for 18 months in oak prior to being bottled without fining or filtering.
Vougeot
Small village in the Côte de Nuits district of Burgundy producing red wines from the Pinot Noir grape. The name is derived from the diminutive of Vouge, a small stream flowing through the village. There are only 4.8 ha/11.8 acres of vineyards producing village wine and 11.7 ha designated premier cru; the village’s fame rests squarely with the 50.6 ha grand cru, Clos de Vougeot. The fame of Clos de Vougeot is historical since it was the flagship vineyard of the Cistercians, who planted and enclosed what is significantly the largest grand cru vineyard of the Côte d’Or. Geologically, this is not a homogeneous site: the top, abutting Musigny and Grands Échézeaux, has a light calcareous and gravelly soil on oolitic limestone which drains beautifully and gives the wines of greatest distinction; the middle section is on softer limestone with clay and some gravel, with moderate drainage on a very gentle slope. The bottom section, almost flat, stretching down to the main D974 road, consists of poorly drained alluvial clay. When the wines could be blended by the monks to produce a complete wine from differing constituent parts, Clos de Vougeot doubtless deserved its reputation. Now that the vineyard is fragmented between 80 or more owners, too many of the wines are below standard through the inadequacies of some of the raw material and many of the production techniques of the less conscientious producers. Classic Clos de Vougeot is likely to be dense and ungiving when young, robust rather than elegant. However, after a decade it opens out into one of the most complete wines of the Côte d’Or with deep, rich flavours reminiscent of truffles and undergrowth. Of the premier cru vineyards, Le Clos Blanc, the monopoly of Domaine de la Vougeraie in succession to Héritiers Guyot, has produced white wine since first planted by the monks in 1110. The other premier crus are les Cras, les Petits Vougeots, and Clos de la Perrière, monopoly of Domaine Bertagna. Reliable producers of Clos de Vougeot include Château de la Tour (the largest owners), Méo-Camuzet, Anne Gros, and Domaine d’Eugénie.
Clos de Vougeot
Also frequently known as Clos Vougeot, famous walled vineyard in burgundy created originally by the monks (see monks and monasteries) of Cîteaux. Between the 12th and early 14th centuries the Cistercians purchased or received as donations the land, much of which needed clearing and planting, which subsequently became known as the Clos de Vougeot. By 1336, the 50-ha/120-acre plot was complete and enclosed by stone walls on all sides. The Cistercians maintained ownership until the French Revolution, when all clerical estates were dispossessed, although Dom Goblet, the monk responsible for the vineyards and the wine, had a sufficiently fine reputation to retain his job in the short term. In due course, Clos de Vougeot was sold on to Julien-Jules Ouvrard in 1818, the year before he bought romanée-Conti, and remained in single ownership until 1889. Since then ownership has fragmented so that today there are over 80 proprietors. A small chapel and rudimentary buildings, damaged during the religious wars, were rebuilt and enlarged in 1551, becoming the current Ch du Clos de Vougeot, a major tourist attraction. It is also home to the confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin, a brotherhood which organizes copious feasts and the tastings for the Tastevinage. For this, producers submit wines to a jury; those selected are entitled to use the ‘tasteviné’ label, which should enable the wine to be sold more easily or at a higher price.
Gevery- Chambertin
Small town in the Côte de Nuits producing some of Burgundy’s most famous red wines from Pinot Noir grapes. The area allowed the appellation was sharply reduced in the late 1990s to exclude some less favoured land towards the plain, but with about 400 ha/1,000 acres under vine, including an overflow of vineyards into neighbouring Brochon, which does not have its own appellation, as well as 87 ha/215 acres of grands crus, this is still the largest viticultural source in the Côte d’Or. In 1847, Gevrey annexed the name of its finest vineyard, Chambertin, somewhat tediously dubbed the king of wines and wine of kings (although it was in fact the Emperor Napoleon’s favourite wine). Gevrey-Chambertin wines are typically deeper in colour and firmer than their rivals from Vosne-Romanée and Chambolle-Musigny. Good examples may take time to develop into perhaps the richest and most complete wines of the Côte d’Or. Given the ease with which the village name sells, there used to be plenty of under-achievers in Gevrey-Chambertin, especially at grand cru level, but the quality of wines today from producers such as Denis Bachelet, Alain Burguet, Pierre Damoy, Claude Dugat, Dugat-Py, Duroché, Sylvie Esmonin, Fourrier, Géantet-Pansiot, Harmand-Geoffroy, Denis Mortet, Rossignol-Trapet, the exceptional Armand Rousseau, Sérafin, and Trapet is reassuring. In all, Gevrey boasts nine grands crus, the pick of which are Chambertin and Chambertin-Clos de Bèze. The latter, comprising 15.4 ha/38 acres, may equally be sold as Le Chambertin. It is hard to differentiate between the two qualitatively although Clos de Bèze is slightly further up the hill than Chambertin, with a less deep soil, giving wines which are fractionally less powerful but full of sensual charm. Le Chambertin, 12.9 ha (plus the 15.4 of Clos de Bèze), is the flagship: if not quite as sumptuous as Musigny or Richebourg, or as divinely elegant as La Tâche or Romanée-St-Vivant, Chambertin is matched only by Romanée-Conti (see vosne-romanée) for its completeness and its intensity. Two other grand cru vineyards, Mazis-Chambertin and Latricières-Chambertin, lie on the same level as Chambertin and Clos de Bèze; one, Ruchottes-Chambertin, is to be found a little higher up the slope, while Charmes-Chambertin, Mazoyères-Chambertin, Griotte-Chambertin, and Chapelle-Chambertin are further downhill. Mazis-Chambertin (12.59 ha), also written Mazy-, is usually regarded as being next in quality to Chambertin and Clos de Bèze, especially in the upper part, les Mazis Haut. The flavours are just as intense, the structure perhaps just a little less firm. Latricières (6.94 ha) is less powerful, although the wines are explosively fruity when young, with an entrancingly silky texture, especially when a sunny vintage warms up the cool clay soil. Ruchottes (3.50 ha), thanks to a particularly thin calcareous soil, is lighter in colour, angular in style, but again impressively intense in a fine, lacy style. Griotte-Chambertin (5.48 ha), which possibly owes its name to the grill-pan shape of the vineyard rather than the griottes cherry aromas which the wine seems to have, and Chapelle-Chambertin (5.39 ha) are also a touch lighter in style. Charmes-Chambertin covers 31.6 ha if Mazoyères-Chambertin is included, which is usually the case. Together this constitutes the largest grand cru in the village and, as with Clos de Vougeot and Échezeaux, its size precludes homogeneous quality. Some of the vineyard, such as the part stretching down to the main road, the D974, should perhaps not be classified as grand cru, although a good Charmes is one of Gevrey-Chambertin’s most seductive, fragrant wines when young. Some of the grands crus are matched, if not surpassed, by the best of the premier cru vineyards, especially those with an ideal south eastern exposition such as Les Cazetiers and Clos St-Jacques. Indeed, Domaine Armand Rousseau, the most famous name in Gevrey thanks to the eponymous Armand’s pioneering domaine bottling in the 1930s, charges significantly more for Clos St-Jacques than for several grands crus in an impressive range of wines.
Chambertin
Chambertin-Clos de Bèze, Chapelle-Chambertin, Charmes-Chambertin, Griotte(s)-Chambertin, Latricières-Chambertin, Mazis-Chambertin, Mazoyères-Chambertin, and Ruchottes-Chambertin, great red grands crus in Burgundy’s côte d’or.
Climats
French, particularly Burgundian, term for a specific vineyard site defined by, as the name suggests, all of its climatological as well as geographical characteristics, otherwise known as terroir. Thus the Burgundian grower uses the word climat interchangeably with ‘vineyard’. A climat is generally but not always smaller than a specific appellation. The term climat may for example be used to refer to a grand cru such as Richebourg. To further complicate matters, most appellations have over the centuries been subdivided into small parcels, each with its own traditional name, known by local geographers as a lieu-dit.
