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Flashcards in Control Theories Deck (20)
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1
Q

What aren’t the categories of age fixed?

A

Characteristics attributed to age categories are culturally produced & sustained

2
Q

What is youth?

A

An ill-defined and variable period of the life-span between infancy and adulthood

3
Q

What are the offences commonly done by the youth?

A

Theft/burglary

Car theft

Assault

4
Q

What is commonly silenced in terms of young people being in crimes?

A

Peer-on-peer victimisation and offending regularly silenced

5
Q

What is the basis of control theories?

A

Assumptions regarding anti-social and self-interested characteristics innate to all of us

6
Q

What are the early influences of control theories?

A

Durkheim’s concepts of ‘homo duplex’ and also influenced by Sigmund Freud’s concept of id

7
Q

What is personal control?

A

The ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community

8
Q

What is social control?

A

The ability of social groups or institutions to make norms or rules effective

9
Q

What is engagement in deviancy linked to?

A

how much investment or ‘stake’ one has in conformity & conformity with peers

10
Q

How is control facilitated by a family?

A

Direct control (punishments, inducements)

Indirect control (fear of disapproval)

Internalised control (development of conscience)

Availability of alternative need satisfaction (different mechanism to achieve satisfaction)

11
Q

Who is Walter Reckless?

A

Walter Reckless was a leading Chicago School control theorist

12
Q

What are the forces promoting deviance?

A

Internal pushes – restlessness, discontent, anxiety, hostility

External pushes – poverty, unemployment, social inequality

External pulls – deviant peers, role models, subcultures

13
Q

What forces promote conformity?

A

Outer containment : influence of family and peers; group membership; social pressure; supervision

Inner containment: self-concept; goal orientation; tolerance of frustration; norm maintenance

14
Q

What was the main argument between Sykes & Matza?

A

Delinquents did not have fundamentally different values

15
Q

What are the different techniques of neutralization?

A

Explanation for how offenders who subscribe to mainstream values justify their offending

Denial of responsibility

Denial of injury

Denial of victim

Condemning the condemners

Appeal to higher loyalties

16
Q

What is Travis Hirschi known for?

A

He developed multiple theories of crime, including social bond and self control theories

17
Q

What is self control theory?

A

Hirschi’s (1990) second major theory, developed with Michael Gottfredson emphasised the importance of self control

18
Q

What are the criticisms of self control theory?

A

Inadequate clarity of self-control

Inadequate consideration of varied motivations

Conceptual overreach

Inability to explain high self-control offenders

19
Q

What have control theories contributed?

A

The development of crime policies based on prevention more than deterrence

20
Q

What do control theory policies centre around?

A

The importance of early intervention