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Flashcards in Congative Bias Deck (10)
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0
Q

What is NAS’ definition of cognitive bias?

A

“A pattern of deviation in judgement whereby influences about other people and situations can be drawn in an illogical fashion”

1
Q

When is cognitive bias applicable?

A

When subjective or interpretive work is required

2
Q

What is expectation bias?

A

When there is scope for ambiguity you see what you want to see
If you think you will find it, you will find it.

3
Q

Example of expectation bias?

A

An arson investigator relying on a witness and coming to a conclusion based on that and analysing the crime scene with the expectation of finding evidence to support that.

4
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Hypothesis given or created suggests the required result, so the null hypothesis is not tested.

5
Q

Give an example of confirmation bias.

A

“Check these for a match” - this would make you subconsciously see the similarities but not the differences. You are only looking at one side of an argument, you should consider other hypotheses.

6
Q

What is the anchoring effect?

A

Reliance upon initial information. The first piece of evidence or the first thought is the evidence that you give most credence to.

7
Q

Example of anchoring effect?

A

“John Smith did it” - therefore that’s the only avenue you persue. Look for evidence with the only thought in mind is that john smith committed the crime. No other possibilities are explored.

8
Q

The anchoring effect can be attributed the the Madrid Train bombings, why?

A

Brandon mayfield. Spanish police wanted help, asked FBI. They found a bit of intelligence to suggest he did it. Found his print to Match with the partial on a component of the explosive. Conclusion was based around information initially given.

9
Q

What is contextual bias?

A

Unconscious bias based on what you hope and expect

Conciously make up your mind based on the other erroneous information given