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1
Q
  • An intentional act to harm or to kill any individual or animal, or the intentional destruction of the environment
    • Toxins that can be passed through contaminated food, become airborne, or pass through water
A

Bioterrorism

2
Q
  • most harmful type, Can be passed from creature to creature and have extremely high death rates
A

Category A

bioterrorism

3
Q
  • can be spread a little easier but doesn’t cause as much illness and death as a Category A
A

Category B

bioterrorism

4
Q
  • can be spread easily in addition to being easily produced, can cause high death rates
A

Category C

bioterrorism

5
Q
  • An infection that is spread by bacteria
  • A human being can only get it from direct contact with the source or infected animal
  • Some terrorists have used it to infect a handful of people in public places because it is hard to detect where it has originated from
A

Anthrax

bioterrorism

6
Q
  • An infection that is -spread by bacteria
  • Can cause a person to become paralyzed and cause serious illness by a couple of different ways
  • A person can contract the bacteria by eating or ingesting it
  • Another way to contract it is an infection where bacteria grow inside an open wound
  • This type of spore is found inside the soil and is hard to regulate
A

Botulism

7
Q
  • Concerned that it may be used as a way to wipe out mass amounts of people in a short amount of time
  • There is an increase of fear in the workplace and throughout the world that the evolution of it may create health emergencies that are extremely difficult to detect and even more difficult to contain
A

problem bioterrorism

8
Q
  • Prepare for a future possible attack
  • After an attack happens
  • Rehabilitation of survivors from the attack
A
Levels of prevention
Primary
secondary 
tertiary
bioterrorism
9
Q

• Most common sites for an acts to happen
Larger tower building, government buildings, or sporting event
• Create a plan in case of an attack and make sure the plan is ready to implement
• Biosafety, Safety gear located in case of an emergency
• Know the chain of command and duties during an attack
• Protocols in place for infection control and containment
• Address the communities fears and concerns about an attack

A

Primary intervention stage

bioterrorism

10
Q
  • Early recognition of an attack
  • Identify the agent that was released during the attack
  • Identify people who are at risk for being exposed to the agent
  • Response plan put in place before the attack will be set in motion
  • Control any infections and contain it so it does not spread
  • Assist in assessing the population to look for exposure
  • If exposed would administer vaccinations if possible, administering any medication
  • Educate the population about sign and symptoms of the agent
  • Monitoring morbidity and mortality rate
A

Secondary intervention stage

bioterrorism

11
Q
  • Assist the population with medication treatments and referrals
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan that was put in place
  • Help people deal with the effects of the attack and assisting victims move on
A

Tertiary intervention stage

bioterrorism

12
Q
  • Fear in the community and widespread panic
  • Heightened the level of fear and anxiety
  • Uncertainty of an attack
  • How large the attack and if they were affected or not affected
A

Impact on the community

bioterrorism

13
Q

-Community comes together and helps other in this time of need

A

Stress Reactions that affect a Community

1. First Stage: The Heroic Stage

14
Q

-Healthy individuals come together with survivors and reminisce, Helps to heal and express feelings

A

Stress Reactions that affect a Community

Second Stage: The Honeymoon stage

15
Q

-Resources become inadequate and the population is at a standstill until more resources come

A

Stress Reactions that affect a Community

Third Stage: Disillusionment Phase

16
Q

-Return the community to a state of normalcy

A

Stress Reactions that affect a Community

Fourth Stage: Reconstruction Phase

17
Q
  • Analyze the information distributed to the community
  • Determine if the information was given promptly and at what value was placed on the importance of cooperating
  • Accuracy of the information given
  • Emergency plan to see how well it was executed and what requires some improvements
  • Look at the health community and nursing staff to see how well they provided care and if they carried out their designated roles
A

Evaluation of primary interventions

bioterrorism

18
Q
  • Trace back through the charting and see how quickly the disease was noted and when it was contained
  • Quality of nurse educated with the staff members, family, and anyone else in contact with that individual
  • unable to contain, then the community will have to find a way to prevent the spread of the illness
  • How well the community is able to recognize the attack and what the possible agent was
A

Evaluation of the secondary interventions:

bioterrorism

19
Q
  • Focuses on how well treatment is working
  • Helping people cope with the catastrophic event
  • Determine how well the community decreased the crisis and the availability of healthcare professionals.
  • How many people were affected by the act
  • How far the disease spread
  • How many people died from the event
  • What type of treatment worked for the illness and what did not
A

Evaluating tertiary interventions:

bioterrorism

20
Q
  • Study conducted evaluating the primary, secondary and tertiary interventions
  • Assessing the interventions that were implemented and how these helped to control and prevent attacks can give feedback for future ways to prepare and handle attacks
  • Administering more knowledge to the public
    • Teaching the public how they can prepare
    • Informing the public on the procedures in place
    • Offering classes to better prepare for a attack
A

Policy Procedure

bioterrorism

21
Q
  1. Enterobacter virus- D68: resp illness affecting a lot of children claiming lives, looked like common cold
  2. Influenza- flu shots to prevent, kills around 3,000-49,000 annually
  3. Whooping Cough- kids affected and killed many
  4. Ebola Virus
A

Trending Disease

Common Trending Diseases

22
Q
  • Epidemic on the rise to pandemic
  • High mortality rates 48-50%
    • Lack of education/ Africa has a lack of education on how the disease is transmitted, and they do not have the proper care and treatment available.
    • Lack of proper care and treatment
A

Problem Explanation Ebola

trending disease

23
Q

There is a lack of information of how There are many theories on transmission and multiple strains of the virus.

A

spread of ebola

24
Q
  1. Transmission with these listed with broken skin or mucous membranes
    Blood
    • include urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen.
  2. syringes or needles contaminated with the virus or surfaces or materials (bedding, clothing) soiled with contaminated fluids.
  3. fruit bats, primates, and antelopes. If proper precautions are not taken, is easily spread.
A

Ebola spread trending disease

  1. Direct contact with:
  2. Bodily fluids
  3. Contaminated objects
  4. Animals that are infected:
25
Q
  1. Fatigue, headache, fever, & chills
  2. High fever, vomiting blood, rash, & passive behavior
  3. Bleeding from nose, mouth, eyes, & anus
  4. Seizures, internal bleeding, loss of consciousness, & death
    - Everyone should be aware of these signs and symptoms to protect themselves. Extra caution should be taken while traveling, especially to and from Africa. Can transmit once symptoms begin. Healthcare workers should also be aware and cautious of patients experiencing such symptoms.
A
ebola
trending disease
Symptoms and Protecting Yourself
Day 5-9:
Day 10:
Day 11:
Day 12
26
Q

Prevention is key!

Proper attire should be worn

A

ebola trending disease

The Public Health Nurse’s Role

27
Q

Educate community members on transmission
-education and awareness, avoiding areas in Africa, animals that may carry the disease, and people who may have had exposure, no vaccine at this time (2 potential vaccines)

A

primary prevention
ebola
trending disease

28
Q

Prevent disease from spreading
-screening systems in hospitals, quarantine, PPE, universal precautions, disinfection of surfaces, notify those who may have had contact with Ebola patients

A

Secondary prevention
ebola
trending disease

29
Q

Reduce complications through treatment
- no treatment available, key is supportive care and a working immune system
Ensure safety of the community
Talk about education as a preventive measure (quarantine, proper attire, etc.)
Contacting proper authorities-If in hospital setting, know the protocol and who to contact first with suspected case (chain of command)

A

tertiary prevention

ebola trending disease

30
Q
  • High number of fatalities and fear of the unknown are spreading faster than the virus itself.
  • Many Americans are frustrated with infected patients in America. Elaborate on how the hospitals were unprepared/CDC not involved properly. If proper precautions were taken, then why is it spreading?
  • High amount of cases with little education means a faster spreading disease. Mortality rate is around 50%. Cases and deaths listed are from WHO as of Nov. 4th.
A

Ebola Impacting the Community
Worry and fear spreading:
Frustration towards the healthcare system:

31
Q

Protect the community and prevent further transmission
Preserve life to optimal levels
Provide proper care to individuals

A

The Main Goals
ebola
trending disease

32
Q
  1. Find active cases: Ask individuals if they have been in contact with an Ebola pt, traveled to Africa, or have similar symptoms previously mentioned before handling blood or bodily fluids.
  2. Respond appropriately
  3. Prevent further cases- treating pt with blood transfusions and iv fluids
    Proper equipment and education provided
A

Policy Recommendation ebola trending disease

33
Q
  • Cutting and injuring of the female genitals without any form of anesthetic or analgesia
  • Done for cultural purposes; no therapeutic reason for it
  • done in Africa and seen all over world: impacts culturally and socially
  • ppl from countries that don’t do it and they join area that does they participate in cutting to fit in
  • Women are in danger losing their right to participate in the country
  • family tradition, sent home country to get cut
A

violence against women

What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?

34
Q

Type 1: excision of prepuce or clitoris
Type 2: excision of the clitoris and labia minora, partial or full removal labia
Type 3: excision of the external genital with closure of the introlus, partial and full , can’t be reversed is the worst type
-It is illegal in the U.S. and many other countries. In the U.S. it is considered child abuse and CPS will have to get involved
Type 4: stretch labia, pricking piercing scrapping cauterizing cutting or inserting substances to dry and stretch the vagina

A

violence against women

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

35
Q

-Clitoris is unclean and poisons infants during birth
Tight vagina increases sexual pleasure of the male
Protects female chastity and marital fidelity
Protects family honor
Makes women more beautiful

A

violence against women

Cultural Purposes of FGM

36
Q

Hemorrhage, Pain, Urinary retention, Infection, Sepsis, Ulcers, Abscesses, Recurrent UTIs, Renal damage, HIV, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Infertility, PTSD, Depression, Prolonged and obstructed labor, Fetal hypoxia, Stillbirth, Death

A

violence against women

Consequences of FGM

37
Q

women violence
fgm
How would you go about confronting the parents and what questions would you ask them?

A
  1. Ask if they believed in practice and if they were planning on doing this while they are there
  2. Address directly, we realize it is common are you going to do it
38
Q

women violence
fgm
What interventions would you do as the PHN?

A
  1. Education about complications, what it is and address it is a part of culture
39
Q

women violence
fgm
Is it illegal or legal for her to to undergo this practice?

A
  1. It is legal in US and cps will get involved / if citizen they can be prosecuted at any time it is illegal over there , follow up the physician that is doing it and press charges
40
Q
  • The veil is a tool for the suppression and oppression of women. It is meant to segregate. It is representative of how women are viewed: sub-human, ‘deficient,’ ‘inferior,’ without rights, and despised. Trapped in a mobile prison not to be heard from or seen/ black or gray, heavy wool
  • not allowed to leave house unless by male relative
A

women violence Burqas

41
Q

So men can focus fully on their duties and resist sexual temptations in the public

  • Quran does not mention or require to be worn
  • Cultural custom not religious custom
A

Why are Burqas/Burkas Used?

women violence

42
Q
  • Don’t have right to express if they want to wear it or not; can’t express themselves by choosing their clothes, etc
    2.
    3. – only see eyes – missing their mouth, figure, can’t see facial expressions, hides body
    4. - hides the woman’s figure, does not show the gender differences, breast,
  • wearer may feel that she cannot breathe, that she might slowly be suffocating. She may feel buried alive and may become anxious or claustrophobic
A
Why is it Wrong for Women to Wear Burqas?
Takes away:
1. Autonomy
2. dignity
3. Identity 
4. Sexuality
43
Q
  • The process of digitally manipulating or altering photos to achieve a better image
  • As the secrets of are beginning to be brought to the public eye, people are starting to realize the effects of the editing on females throughout the county.
  • Not only on impressionable young girls, but also on women of all ages, effecting their body image and self-esteem. Creating an unrealistic perfect image of a woman is transforming the concept of an “ideal” body in today’s society.
  • As young women in society strive to meet the “ideal” body size and image, they are going to great lengths to achieve their goals including the development of eating disorders and unsafe exercise practices.
  • Celebrities are starting to speak out against
A

women violence

Photo editing

44
Q

—using women from all ethnicities and of all sizes to promote the real beauty within each individual
—no retouching, no supermodels; promoting the slogan: “The real you is sexy.”

A

women violence
Campaigns Against Photo Editing
1. Dove Campaign for Real Beauty
2. Aerie Real Campaign

45
Q
  • Educating men and women about violence and how to report it.
  • Educate people about the different types of violence: emotional, sexual, physical
A

Primary Prevention

women violence

46
Q
  • Screening those at risk
  • Young girls for eating disorders
  • Girls at risk for FGM
  • Including questions during physical exams asking about violence
A

Secondary Prevention

women violence

47
Q
  • Reversal of FGM if possible
  • Treatment for anorexia
  • Psychological treatment
  • Support groups for victims of violence
A

Tertiary Prevention

women violence

48
Q
  • The infant and mortality rates could increase along with acute and chronic respiratory illnesses.
  • Emergency room visits could increase substantially and could possibly be related to the increase of respiratory illnesses
A

air pollution

environemental nursing

49
Q
  • Regulates air pollution from both point and nonpoint sources.
  • Pollution has considerably gotten worse since 2010; however, these are estimates of what may occur by 2020 if something does not change.
A

The Clean Air Act

environmental nursing

50
Q

-Carbon monoxide, dusts, molds, cockroaches, pests and pets, cleaning and personal care products, lead, and smoke.

A

Indoor sources of air pollution

51
Q
    • Fixed sites, Identifiable sites, Smoke stacks

2. -Mobile sites, Vehicles, trucks, and buses

A

Outdoor Sources air pollution
Point sources
Nonpoint sources

52
Q

Asthma and other respiratory diseases, Cardiovascular diseases, Cancer, Immunological effects, Reproductive health problems including birth defects, Neurological problems

A

Health Effects Associated with Air Pollution

53
Q

-Stay away from first, second, and third hand smoke
Air purifiers throughout the home
Turn off lights when you leave the room
Recycle
Use solar lighting
Lower the thermostat on the water heater to 120F.
Test your home for radon and carbon monoxide.

A

Levels of Prevention

air pollution

54
Q

Education
Seminars and pamphlets that provide additional information and education about the harmful effects of air pollution.
-Immunocompromised patient will need further education related to not decreasing their immune system any further.

A

Primary Prevention:

air pollution

55
Q

Screening individuals at risk

Detect any lung and cardiovascular problems

A

Secondary Prevention:

air pollution

56
Q

Manage diagnosed illness
Signs, symptoms, and complications
Consider psychosocial problems related to presenting illness
Provide support to patient and family members

A

Tertiary Prevention:

air pollution

57
Q

-Main reason is man-made waste
-Chemicals are not found in nature present in soil
-Higher levels of natural contaminates become harmful to human health
-Soil combined with man-made chemicals and the natural environment may interact with the release of pollutants
Higher effect on children and those that have compromised health issues

A

Soil Pollution

58
Q

-Accidental spills and leaks, Manufacturing processes, Mining activities, Transportation, Dumping of chemicals, Storage of wastes in landfills, Natural accumulation of compounds, Acid rain

A

Current Trends of Soil Pollution

59
Q
  1. -Long term exposure can lead to congenital illnesses and chronic health issues
    - Serious health issues related to toxic and foul gas emissions from landfills
  2. -Soil erosion due to fungi and bacteria found in soil
  3. -Toxic Dust
A

Effects of Soil Pollution

-Human health

60
Q
  • Illness in livestock causes long term food poisoning
  • Famines due to crops and plants not being able to grow
  • Crops and plants unable to adapt to new contaminates found in soil
  • Decrease in agriculture and vegetation survival due to decrease soil fertility
A

Effects of Soil Pollution

-Crop and plant absorption pass to humans when consume

61
Q

-Prevention of air and water pollution that can lead to soil pollution
Will take time and resources
-Regulations for disposal of hazardous waste and emissions
-Organic farming, which do not use pesticides and fertilizers that are full of chemicals
-Use of certain plants that can remove the pollutants

A

Prevention of Soil Pollution

62
Q

-Not clean enough for fish or swimming
64% of lakes
44% of streams
30% of bays
-Leading pollutants in water include bacteria, mercury, phosphorus, and nitrogen.
-The surface of a city block can generate five times more runoff than a wooded area of the same size.
-Chemical pollutants in the water kills algae, therefore, reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen which are called dead zones= in which organisms cannot survive, hard to unflip

A

Water Pollution

63
Q

-is a measure of the cloudiness of water. It is used to indicate water quality and filtration effectiveness (such as whether disease-causing organisms are present)
Common Contaminants of Drinking Water

A

current trends water pollution
Turbidity
-bacteria Mercury phosphorus nitrogen

64
Q

Indianapolis -The excess water contains dangerous bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
2/3 of the outflow pipes are in the lower socioeconomic neighborhoods of Indianapolis.
72 sewage outflow points are within a quarter mile of a park, recreation center, or schools.
EPA-mandated $3.1 billion waste water treatment program

A

water pollution

65
Q

Education
Defining the true meaning of pollution
Posting warnings sign along creeks and rivers

A

primary prevention water pollution

66
Q
  • Identify population at risk and educate: Young, vulnerable children
    People living around highly contaminated water
A

secondary prevention water pollution

67
Q

Manage signs and symptoms of illnesses

Manage and educate patients on management of GI distress, kidney disease, and its complications

A

Tertiary prevention

water pollution

68
Q

-Educate on how to properly do use the boil advisory

A

Food Pollution

69
Q
  • The USDA National Program (NOP) defines as:
    1. food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations.
    2. meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones.
    3. food is produced without using most conventional pesticides; fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation.
A

Food Pollution

organic

70
Q
  • Before a product can be labeled __ a Government approved certifier inspects the farm where the food is grown to make sure the farmer is following all rules necessary to meet USDA organic standards.
  • Companies that handle or process organic food before it gets to your local supermarket or restaurant must be certified as well.
A

food pollution

organic

71
Q
  1. use of usd a organic seal is optional
  2. 95% or more organic ingredients, use of usda organic seal is optional
  3. at least 70% organic ingredients
  4. : organic ingredients denoted in ingredients list only
A

How do I know if something is really organic?

  1. 100% organic:
  2. Organic:
  3. Made with organic ingredients:
  4. Less than 70% organic ingredients
72
Q

celery, bell pepper, spinach, strawberry, peach, apple, cherry, pear, potato

A

Dirty dozen always buy organic:

73
Q

avocado, eggplant, banana, broccoli, tomato, onion, mango, watermelon, cabbage

A

low pesticide foods:

don’t have to buy organic