Cognitive Psychology Chapter III (87-103) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Cognitive Psychology Chapter III (87-103) Deck (26)
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0
Q

Name two binocular depth cues!

A
  • binocular disparity
  • binocular convergence
1
Q

Binocular depth cues utilize…

A

… the relative positioning of our eyes.

2
Q

What happens in binocular disparity?

A

Our two eyes send increasingly disparate/differing images to our brain as objects approach us.

3
Q

When or what for do we use binocular convergence?

A

When we view objects at relatively close locations.

5
Q

What happens in binocular convergence?

A

Our two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach us. Our brain interprets these muscular movements as indications of distance from us.

6
Q

Name two common positions about how we store representations of objects! And a third alternative!

A
  • Viewer-Centred Representations (we store how the object appears to us)
  • Object-Centred Representations (we store a representation of the object, independent of the viewpoint)
  • landmark-centred (e.g. representing places in an unknown city according to their relation to our hotel)
7
Q

A possible reconciliation of viewer- and object-centred approaches in object representation?

A

We use both kind of representations. Both are extrems on a continuum. (Burgund & Marsolek, 2000) + in the lab, people seem to be able to switch between all three

8
Q

Perception also groups objects for us. This is an important concept of …

A

… the Gestalt approach.

9
Q

Who founded the Gestalt approach to form perception?

A
  • Kurt Koffka (1886 - 1941)
  • Wolfgang Köhler (1887 - 1968)
  • Max Wertheimer (1880 - 1943)
10
Q

According to the “law of Prägnanz”, …

A

… we tend to perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the disparate elements into a stable and coherent form.

11
Q

The concept of “figure-ground” deals with the fact that we …

A

… almost always perceive a figure in contrast to a background. (the famous vase / faces example: it is impossible to see both at the same time)

12
Q

Name 6 Gestalt-principles!

A
  • Figure-ground
  • Proximity
  • Similarity
  • Continuity
  • Closure
  • Symmetry
13
Q

Two systems involved in pattern-recognition:

A

System 1: recognition of parts of objects + assembling them into distinctive wholes

System 2 (Configuraional System): recognition of larger configurations (e.g. looking at a whole tulip flower, your friend’s face)

14
Q

You were relying on which pattern recognition system, when your best friend is angry at you for not noticing her new glasses?

A

The second! Changes in the details or the structure are not obvious to the second system.

(also: people have more troubles recognizing parts of faces than whole faces. this is not the case for houses)

15
Q

Who says the positive line of aestehtics is beauty and the sublime and the negativ end is ugliness? (Attention: terminological confusion! sublime and beauty? the same, something different? one point on one dimension? different dimensions?)

A

Steven Palmer

At least he recognices that aestehtics should not only be concerned with arts!

16
Q

Three “aestehtic” biases investigated by Stephen Palmer (+ determine which of the two pics is “more beautiful”):

A

Center bias, inward bias and rightward bias.

17
Q

When people are processing faces emotion increases activation in …

A

… fusiform gyrus.

18
Q

Which pattern recognition system might be responsible for configurational effects when people stare at distorted faces.

A

the 2nd system (configurational system)

19
Q

List theoretical apporaches to perception:

A
  • Direct Perception
  • Bottom-Up and Top-Down theories
  • Theories that synthesize Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches
20
Q

List top-down and bottom-up approaches to perception!

A
  • Bottom-Up Theories
  • Template Theories
  • Prototype Theories
  • Feature Theories
  • Structural-Description Theories
  • Top-Down Approaches
21
Q

How do we connect what we perceive to what we have stored in our minds? Gestalt psyhcologists referred to this problem as the …

A

… Hoffding function, named after 19th century Danish psychologist Harald Hoffding, who questioned whether perception can be reduced to a simple association of what is seen with what is remembered.

22
Q

According to James J. Gibson’s (1904 - 1980) theory of direct perception everything we need for perception is available …

A

… in the array of information at our sensory receptors; no higher level stuff is needed for perception.

23
Q

Why is Gibson’s model of direct perception sometimes referred to as an ecological model?

A

Because it is concerned with perception as it occurs in everyday life (the ecological environment) full of rich contextual information (in contrast to the lab situation).

24
Q

Who followed under the Gibsonean banner and conducted landmark research on infant perception (e.g.depth perception)?

A

Eleanor Gibson

25
Q

Bottom-up theories are aka.:

A

data-driven / stimulus-driven theories.

26
Q

Name four main areas of bottom-up theories of form and pattern perception:

A

Template theories, prototype theories, feature theories and structural-description theories.