Cognitive Development

Question 1

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage (Stage Theorist)

Answer 1

• Ages 2 to 7
• Gains in Mental Representation
• Make-believe Play
• Symbol-Real Word Relations
• Limitations in Thinking

Question 2

Mental Representation (Piaget’s Preoperational Stage)

Answer 2

Idea that we can hold images in our head and object permanence

Question 3

Make-believe Play (Piaget’s Preoperational Stage)

Answer 3

• Becomes more sophisticated with the use of scripts
• Saw it as a way to practice and develop schemes
• Exists within their cognitive processes
• Reflect on thinking, control behavior, and take another’s perspective
• Gain in social, language, and literacy skills
• Improve attention, memory, and logical reasoning
• Strengthen imagination and creativity

Question 4

Symbol-Real Word Relations (Piaget’s Preoperational Stage)

Answer 4

Idea that a play telephone can represent a real telephone

Question 5

Limitations in Thinking (Piaget’s Preoperational Stage)

Answer 5

Egocentrism, Conservation

Question 6

Egocentrism (Limitations in Thinking)

Answer 6

Failure to distinguish others views from one’s own (Piaget’s Mountain Task)

Question 7

Centration Limits on: (Conservation- Limitations in Thinking))

Answer 7

Focus on one aspects and neglect others (changing shape of glass of water, can’t focus on shape of glass and water line)

Question 8

Irreversibility Limits on: (Conservation- Limitations in Thinking))

Answer 8

• Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps

- Can’t do this until concrete operational stage

Question 9

Hierarchical Classification Limits on: (Conservation- Limitations in Thinking))

Answer 9

Organization of objects on the basis of similarities and differences

Question 10

With age, make-believe gradually becomes:

Piaget-Early Childhood Development of make Believe

Answer 10

• More detached from real life conditions
• Less self-centered
• More complex- Sociodramatic Play

Question 11

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Early Childhood (sociocultural prospective)

Answer 11

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 12

Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Early Childhood )

Answer 12

Range that they can get started in task but need assistance to completer

Question 13

Private Speech (Zone of Proximal Development- Vygotsky’s)

Answer 13

Necessary for individual to internalize earlier experiences with scaffolding (Now if child is doing it themself, talk themself through instructions they had learned)

Question 14

Scaffolding (Zone of Proximal Development- Vygotsky’s)

Answer 14

Parenting holding hands through tying shoes and offering more or less help

Question 15

Guided Participation (Zone of Proximal Development- Vygotsky’s)

Answer 15

What is being said

Question 16

Vygotsky and Make-Believe Play (Provides Zone of Proximal Development)

Answer 16

(Opportunity to increase zone)

• Imaginary substitutions help children separate thinking from objects
• Rules strengthen capacity to think before acting
• More likely to experiment with words and grammar

Question 17

Information Processing Theory

Answer 17

Continuity related theory- things develop mature faster but nothing changes besides strategies

Question 18

Attention (Information Processing Theory)

Answer 18

Although easily distracted in toddlerhood, by age 6-7 can sustain attention very well
Planning ability improves
Game playing, Interaction with parents and caregivers

Question 19

Memory (Information Processing Theory)

Answer 19

• Recognition and recall (Lack of utilization of memory strategies)
• When parents talk to their kids it increases their memory
• Everyday experiences (episodic memory; Improved memory for context surrounding memorable events; Autobiographical memory- memory for personal events

Question 20

Theory of Mind / Metacognition

Answer 20

Thinking about one’s own as well as others thinking processes, understanding others can have a different view/knowledge of the world)

Question 21

Infancy (Theory of Mind)

Answer 21

Babies view people as intentional beings who can share and influence one another’s mental states

Question 22

Age 2 (Theory of Mind)

Answer 22

Vocabulary includes mental state such as want, remember and pretend

Question 23

Age 3-4 (Theory of Mind)

Answer 23

Communication increasingly refers to others’ intentions and beliefs

• By age 4, understand that belief and desire can influence behavior
• False belief tests allow researchers to examine differences in explicit theory of mind ability
• Newer research has indicated that implicit theory of mind os evident by 18 months