Coasts

Question 1

What is a submergent coastline?

Answer 1

Submerged coast due to global sea level rise (euststic)

Question 2

What is an emergent coastline?

Answer 2

Emerged from below sea level as land level has shot up faster than sea (isostatic)

Question 3

Raised beach (emergent)

Answer 3

Glacial rebound causes land to uplift lowering sea level and exposing the beach

Question 4

Marine terrace (emergent) Santa Cruz

Answer 4

Sea floor exposed above shoreline leaving different heights

Question 5

Fjords (submergent) sognefjord Norway

Answer 5

Glacier melts flooding valley rising sea level, U shaped steep sided deeper towards inland

Question 6

Dalmatian coast (submergent) Dalmatia in Croatia

Answer 6

Hills and valleys flooded leaving only peaks of mountains exposed as islands

Question 7

How are sand dunes formed?

Answer 7

Accumulation of sand due to LSD, low tide sand dries out so prevailing wind blows sand up beach, transported by saltation, strand line traps sand, grass grows stabilising dunes, large intertidal zone for sand to dry

Question 8

Order of sand dunes

Answer 8

Embryo, fore, main ridge,fixed, dune Heath

Question 9

3 factors that lead to deposition landforms?

Answer 9

Low energy waves, rapid erosion, abundant supply of material

Question 10

Mass movement

Answer 10

Downslope movement of rock by gravity

Question 11

Factors affecting rate of coastal erosion

Answer 11

Rock type, waves, length of fetch, cliff profiles.

Question 12

Formation of headland and bays

Answer 12

Sea attacks alternating bands of hard rock soft rock on a coast, soft rock eroded first creating depression but hard rock takes longer to erode leaving jutting out parts called headlands

Question 13

Formation of wave cut platform

Answer 13

Hydraulic action, abrasion and solution stack base of cliffs between high and low tide creating a notch,the undercutting creates a large notch until the overhang collapses leaving a flat platform of rock visible at low tide

Question 14

Formation of spits

Answer 14

Sudden change in coastline, LSD carries transporting sediment and extends into the water perpendicular to the coastline, LSD weakens away from coast so deposits material, wave refraction causes a hook to form on the spit

Question 15

Formation of salt marshes

Answer 15

Need shelter- behind a spit, sediment is deposited over time because tidal flat low gradient, higher above sea level so no flooding so plants like cordgrass grow, water dries up leaving salty pools of water and marshland

Question 16

Rockfall

Answer 16

Freeze thaw breaks smaller pieces off a cliff

Question 17

Landslide

Answer 17

Soft rock saturated with water will slide due to it being lubricated

Question 18

Soil creep

Answer 18

Wet soil moves down the slope due to its increased mass

Question 19

Subaerial weathering

Answer 19

Chemical (Corrosion)- co2 and water mix to create carbonic acid which destroys the rock
Mechanical-freeze thaw

Question 20

Spring tides

Answer 20

Sun moon and earth aligned causing higher than average high tides and lower than average low tides. High tidal range

Question 21

Neap tides

Answer 21

Moon is perpendicular to earth causing lower than average high tides and higher than average Low tides. Low tidal range

Question 22

Eustatic change

Answer 22

Sea level rises relative to land, global effect.

Question 23

Isostatic

Answer 23

Localised land level rise relative to sea level

Question 24

2013-14 floods

Answer 24

7 killed, 1700 flooded homes, 100,00 without power,

Question 25

2004 tsunami

Answer 25

230,000 dead, 500,000 injured, 9.1 magnitude, 30km depth just off west of Indonesia,

Question 26

2004 tsunami

Answer 26

230,000 dead, 500,000 injured, 9.1 magnitude, 30km depth just off west of independent