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Vet Nursing Study > Clinical Pathology > Flashcards

Clinical Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Problems with a slow bleed

A

Platelet clumping
Coagulation
Patient stress

Low BP can lead to a slow bleed

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2
Q

Problems with a fast bleed/ high suction

A

Haemoloysis (cell distortion)
Possible vein collapse
Possible pain

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3
Q

Serum is derived from?

A

Clotted blood

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4
Q

How is a sample mixed?

A

Inverted

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5
Q

Microscope powers

A

10x
40x
100x
1000x

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6
Q

FNA

A

Fine needle aspirate

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7
Q

Cytology slide

A

Patient ID
Exact site
Date

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8
Q

Are all slides stained inhouse ?

A

No

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9
Q

Cell layer thickness cytology slide:

A

Thin

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10
Q

How many 1 sec dips in diff quik

A

5

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11
Q

Label parts of sample after 30 mins

  • plain tube
  • EDTA tube
A

Plain tube: serum & clotted RBC

EDTA: plasma, buffy coat (WBC, platelets), red cells

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12
Q

What is found in plasma but is not found in serum?

A

Fibrinogen

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13
Q

Microscopic fibre formed when blood clots:

A

Fibrin

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14
Q

Why do we separate blood from clot for long term storage ?

A

To prevent chemicals leaching out of old and damaged cells

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15
Q

Prac methods of separating serum from clot:

A

Using pipette to siphon off serum

Serum separator tube (SST)

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16
Q

Most versatile anticoagulant

A

Heparin

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17
Q

Best anticoagulant for blood smears in mammals

A

EDTA

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18
Q

Use of citrate (blue) and flox (grey) tubes:

A

Citrate (blue): coag studies

Flox (grey): delayed glucose testing

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19
Q

What happens if serum is centrifuged before clot retraction occurs?

A

Serum will become a solid fibrinous gel because platelets are spun out before they have contracted fibrin in clot

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20
Q

Where should a sample be left for clotting ?

A

Room temp for 30mins

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21
Q

SST

  • inverted?
  • storage?
  • centrifuged?
  • sample?
A

Inverted 5 times
Left at room temp to clot
Spun down after 30 mins
Serum poured off within 60 mins

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22
Q

Which blood cells are responsible for clot retraction/ contraction?

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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23
Q

Why is it best to fast an animal before collecting blood?

A

Lipemia

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24
Q

Parts of blood smear

A

RBC (erythrocytes)

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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25
Q

Microhaematocrit tube

A

Plasma
Buffy coat (WBC, platelets)
Red cells

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26
Q

Anaemic dog and cat PCV

A

Dog <37%

Cat <30%

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27
Q

Healthy dog and cat PCV

A

Dog 45%

Cat 35%

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28
Q

Healthy dog TPP

A

70g/l

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29
Q

Read meniscus at ?

A

Bottom

30
Q

Tests to diagnose dehydration

A

PCV and TPP

31
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction

32
Q

Storing blood for biochem

  • within 30mins
  • 30 mins to 48hrs
A

Within 30mins : room temp (20 degrees)

30 mins- 48hrs : fridge temp (4 degrees)

33
Q

2 enzymes assayed for

  • liver injury
  • liver function
  • pancreatic injury
  • kidney function
A
  • liver injury: ALT, ALP
  • liver function: bike acids, ammonia, bilirubin
  • pancreatic injury: amalyse, lipase
  • kidney function: urea, creatinine
34
Q

Pigmented liver metabolite responsible for jaundice?

A

Bilirubin

35
Q

What do antigens do?

A

Detect infection and previous exposure

36
Q

What are antibodies?

When can they be detected?

How long can they remain in body?

A

Antibodies are formed as an immune response to fight infection, each antibody is designed to fit an antigen specifically like a lock and key.

2-3 weeks after start of infection

Up to years or months

37
Q

When should URINE sample be refrigerated?

A

If not used within 30mins

38
Q

Changes that occurs to URINE with age

A

pH rises
Glucose levels fall
Bacteria proliferate
Renal tubular casts break up

Possible colour and turbidity changes

39
Q

Why do we note collection method ?

A

To indicate expected blood and bacteria contamination levels

40
Q

When can we dipstick a refrigerated sample?

A

At room temp

41
Q

Why is a dipstick held horizontally?

A

So results aren’t altered by cross contamination of other pads

42
Q

Dessication gels purpose

A

Absorbs the moisture in the container

43
Q

Do we refrigerate dipsticks

A

No

44
Q

Non haemolysed blood on a urine dipstick indicates what? And is indicated how?

A

Indicated by red spots and indicated intact RBC

45
Q

What 2 results are considered inaccurate on human dipsticks in vet medicine?

A

Urine specific gravity and leukocytes

46
Q

What does red urine indicate?

A

Presence of haemoglobin ????

47
Q

Flea droppings affect which 2 tests on a urine dipstick?

A

Blood and protein

48
Q

Should be pH always be recorded ?

A

Yes

49
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of cystocentesis

A

Advantage: sterility, less contamination

Disadvantage: invasive, stress, blood from needle?

50
Q

Turbidity is?

A

Cloudiness

51
Q

Flocculent is

A

Floating particles

52
Q

Gross characteristics of URINE

A

Colour
Smell
Volume

53
Q

Alternative names for “coffin lid” crystals

A

Struvite

Triple phosphate

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

54
Q

Zoonotic disease from dog urine

A

Leptospirosis

55
Q

Parasitic eggs found in dog faeces harmful to humans

A

Hydatid tapeworm

56
Q

How much poo for faecal float?

A

1mL

57
Q

How long is faecal sample left for

A

10-20mins

58
Q

What can you use to cover faecal float

A

Microscope slide or coverslip

59
Q

Adult dog faecal floatation with mucoid blood flecked diarrhoea?

A

Whipworm

60
Q

Stain used to divide bacteria into 2 groups ?

A

Gram stain

61
Q

Purpose of bacterial culture

A

Culture and sensitivity

62
Q

Ringworm test

A

Fungassay

63
Q

Where do we grow this test

A

On a shelf away from direct sunlight

64
Q

How should the cap for this test be closed

A

Partially closed

65
Q

How often should this test be checked

A

Daily for up to 2 weeks

66
Q

A pathogenic fungus is indicated by what?

A

Colour change in early growth

67
Q

Deep skin scraping method

A

Slightly blunt scalpel used to scrape skin, skin is squeezed to push mites out of hair follicle

68
Q

How many superficial scrapes for scabies

A

Up to 10

69
Q

Scalpel blade used should be ?

A

Slightly blunt

70
Q

Making skin debris adhere to slide using

A

Sterile lube
Paraffin oil
Water/ saline

71
Q

Minimise tissue deterioration of a biopsy before placing in formalin by?

A

Keeping moist with sterile saline

Vet Nursing Study (2 decks)

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