Clinical Aspects

Question 1

All of the kidney damaging disorders of nephrotic syndrome result in what?

Answer 1

Release of excess protein in the urine

Question 2

What renal structures are lost in nephrotic syndrome seen in children?

Answer 2

Podocyte “feet” at the glomerulus

Question 3

What is the renal structural change seen in nephrotic syndrome among adults?

Answer 3

Damage to the glomerular membrane via multi-system diseases like diabetes, lupus, or multiple myeloma (membranous glomerulonephritis)

Question 4

What are the top two symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 4

Proteinuria (foamy urine), edema

Question 5

What are the treatments for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 5

Decrease BP, ACE inhibitors, corticosteroids, dietary changes, blood thinners

Question 6

What is another name for cystitis?

Answer 6

UTI (urinary tract infection)

Question 7

What causes cystitis?

Answer 7

Germs (usually bacteria) entering the urethra and bladder

Question 8

What things can increase the frequency of cystitis?

Answer 8

Catheters, blockage of bladder/urethra, diabetes, pregnancy, narrow urethra, immobility

Question 9

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

Answer 9

Persistent urge to urinate, burning sensation while urinating, pelvis discomfort, lower abdominal pressure, cloudy/bloody urine with strong odor

Question 10

What are ways to prevent UTIs?

Answer 10

Increased water intake, increased acid in urine via ascorbic acid/cranberry juice, chiropractic care :)

Question 11

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 11

Acute infection of the renal pelvis or parenchyma

Question 12

What is usually the cause of pyelonephritis?

Answer 12

Ascending infection (UTI)

Question 13

What is usually the only symptoms of pyelonephritis seen in children and elderly patients?

Answer 13

Mental confusion

Question 14

What are the most common types of kidney stones?

Answer 14

Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate

Question 15

What is the term for the condition of having kidney stones?

Answer 15

Nephrolithiasis

Question 16

Where is pain felt with kidney stones?

Answer 16

Flank region

Question 17

What are the symptoms of kidney stones?

Answer 17

Flank pain, discomfort, nausea, vomiting, hematuria

Question 18

What causes nephrolithiasis?

Answer 18

Imbalance of water, predisposition/family history

Question 19

Why does water imbalance lead to kidney stones?

Answer 19

Urine becomes too concentrated and the solutes crystalize

Question 20

What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?

Answer 20

Genetic disorder that causes the formation and enlargement of cysts in the kidneys

Question 21

What the symptoms of PKD?

Answer 21

Hematuria, abdominal pain, frequent kidney stones and UTIs, high BP, liver/pancreatic cysts

Question 22

What kind of PKD is seen in 30-40 year olds?

Answer 22

Autosomal Dominant PKD

Question 23

Where do the cysts develop in Autosomal Dominant PKD?

Answer 23

In the nephrons

Question 24

What kind of PKD is seen in young children or in the womb?

Answer 24

Autosomal Recessive PKD

Question 25

Where do the cysts develop in Autosomal Recessive PKD?

Answer 25

In the collecting ducts

Question 26

What the usual life expectancy for children with the worst cases of ARPKD?

Answer 26

Hours-days after birth

Question 27

What is the treatment for PKD?

Answer 27

Medications to decrease pain and BP
Antibiotics for UTIs
Dialysis and kidney transplant after renal failure