CLEP - Sociology 7-8 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in CLEP - Sociology 7-8 Deck (30)
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1
Q

Association

A

A type of relationship formed on the basis of an accommodation of interests or on the basis of an agreement

2
Q

Communal relationship

A

A relationship that is formed on the basis of a subjective feeling of the parties “that they belong together,” whether the feeling is personal or is linked with tradition.

3
Q

Aggregate

A

A number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.

4
Q

Social category

A

A number of people with certain characteristics in common.

5
Q

Social group

A

A collection of people interacting with one another in an orderly fashion.

6
Q

Primary group

A

A grouping of individuals with whom an interaction is direct, the common bonds are close & intimate, & the relationships among members is warm, intimate, & personal.

7
Q

Secondary group

A

A grouping of individuals with whom the interaction is anonymous, the bonds are impersonal, & the duration of time of the group is short & where the relationships involve few emotional ties.

8
Q

Gemeinschaft

A

Term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe small communities characterized by tradition & united by the belief in common ancestry or by geographic proximity in relationships largely of the primary group sort.

9
Q

Gesellschaft

A

Term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe contractual relationships of a voluntary nature of limited duration & quality, based on rational self-interest & formed for the explicit purpose of achieving a particular goal.

10
Q

Dyad

A

The social relationship of two people in which either member’s departure destroys the group; George Simmel

11
Q

Triad

A

The addition of a third person to a social relationship, one who sometimes serves as a mediator or nonpartisan party; George Simmel

12
Q

Interaction process analysis

A

A technique developed by Robert Bales of observing & immediately classifying in predetermined ways the ongoing activity in small groups.

13
Q

Sociometry

A

A technique developed by J.L. Moreno focused on establishing the direction of the interaction in small groups.

14
Q

In-groups

A

Those groups toward which a person feels he or she belongs.

15
Q

Out-groups

A

Those groups toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.

16
Q

Reference groups

A

Social groups that provide the standards in terms of which we evaluate ourselves.

17
Q

Group conformity

A

Individuals’compliance with group goals, in spite of the fact that group goals may be in conflict with individual goals.

18
Q

Groupthink

A

A phenomenon that occurs when group members begin to think similarly & conform to one another’s views.

19
Q

Organization

A

A specific type of social relationship or arrangement between persons that is either closed to outsiders or that limits their admission.

20
Q

Formal organization

A

A type of group or structural pattern within which behavior is carried out in a society; characterized by 1) formality, 2) a hierarchy of ranked positions, 3) large size, 4) a rather complex division of labor, and 5) continuity beyond its membership.

21
Q

Bureaucracy

A

A rationally designed organizational model whose goal it is to perform complex tasks as efficiently as possible.

22
Q

Characteristic institution

A

The basic organization of society; in prehistoric times, the kin, clan, or sib; in modern times, particularly in the West, a bureaucracy.

23
Q

Parkinson’s Law

A

Belief that in any bureaucratic organization, “work expands to fill the time available for its completion”.

24
Q

Peter Principle

A

Belief that “in any hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence”.

25
Q

Iron Law of Oligarchy

A

Belief of Robert Michels that a small number of specialists generally hold sway over any organization.

26
Q

Deviance

A

Departure from a norm

27
Q

Stigma

A

The mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from other members of society who regard themselves as “normal”

28
Q

Primary deviance

A

Behavior violating a norm

29
Q

Secondary deviance

A

The behavior that results from the social response to a deviant behavior

30
Q

Group

A

An assembly of people or things