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+ CAPS 391 > Circulatory System (Hearts) > Flashcards

Circulatory System (Hearts) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system? (2)

A
  • distributes oxygen and nutrients to entire body

- picks up waste materials by cells to be eliminated by other systems (respiratory, urinary systems)

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2
Q

What does the circulatory system include?

A

heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

What is the mediastinum bounded by?

A

bounded anteriorly by sternum and costal cartilages, laterally by lungs, and posteriorly by bodies of thoracic vertebrae

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4
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

heart and its large vessels
esophagus
trachea
thoracic aorta

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the mediastinum?

What are they divided by?

A

superior and inferior parts

divided by transverse imaginary plane passing through sternal angle anteriorly, and intervertebral disc between vertebrae TIV and TV posteriorly

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the inferior mediastinum?

A

middle mediastinum
anterior mediastinum
posterior mediastinum

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7
Q

Inferior Mediastinum

What does the middle mediastinum contain?

A
  • heart and its pericardium (membrane)
  • ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins
  • right and left phrenic nerves
    main bronchi
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8
Q

Inferior Mediastinum

Where is the anterior mediastinum?

A

between sternum and pericardium

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9
Q

Inferior Mediastinum

What does the anterior mediastinum contain?

A

thymus gland

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10
Q

Inferior Mediastinum

Where is the posterior mediastinum?

A

between pericardium, and bodies of vertebrae TV-TXII

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11
Q

Inferior Mediastinum

What does the posterior mediastinum contain?

A
  • descending aorta, azygus, and hemiazygus veins
  • right and left vagus nerves
  • sympathetic chains (trunks) and splanchnic nerves
  • thoracic duct and esophagus
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12
Q

What does the superior mediastinum contain?

A
  • arch of aorta and its branches
  • right and left brachiocephalic veins, inferior part of superior vena cava, and end of azygus vein
  • right and left phrenic and vagus nerves
  • trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, and thoracic duct
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13
Q

What is the heart?

A

muscular conical pump

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14
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

middle mediastinum

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15
Q

Describe the path of blood circulation from the body.

A
  1. right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from entire body, and passes it to right ventricle
  2. right ventricle pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary circuit)
  3. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs, and passes it to left ventricle
  4. left ventricle pumps blood throughout body (systemic circuit)
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16
Q

Surface Anatomy of Heart

What are the 4 corners of the quadrangle that demarcates the heart image on the chest?

A
  • upper left corner: in left 2nd intercostal space, 1 inch away from midline
  • upper right corner: at right 3rd costal cartilage, 1 inch away from midline
  • lower right corner: at right 6th costal cartilage, 1 inch away from midline
  • lower left corner: in left 5th intercostal space, 3-4 inches away from midline
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17
Q

External Features of Heart

What are the 4 main external features?

A
  • heart sulci
  • heart surfaces
  • heart base
  • heart apex
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18
Q

External Features of Heart - Sulci

What are the 3 main sulci?

A
  • coronary sulcus
  • anterior interventricular sulcus
  • posterior interventricular sulcus
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19
Q

External Features of Heart - Sulci

What does the coronary sulcus do?

A

encircles heart and separates atria from ventricles

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20
Q

External Features of Heart - Sulci

Where are the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci?

A

between ventricles on anterior and inferior surfaces

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21
Q

External Features of Heart - Surfaces

What are the 4 surfaces?

A
  • anterior (sternocostal) surface
  • inferior (diaphragmatic) surface
  • left pulmonary surface
  • right pulmonary surface
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22
Q

External Features of Heart - Surfaces

Where is the anterior (sternocostal) surface?

What does it consist of?

A

related to sternum and 2nd-6th costal cartilages

consists of right ventricle and parts of right atrium and left ventricle

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23
Q

External Features of Heart - Surfaces

Where is the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface?

What does it consist of?

A

leaning on diaphragm, has posterior interventricular sulcus

consists of left ventricle, and small part of right ventricle

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24
Q

External Features of Heart - Surfaces

Where is the left pulmonary surface?

What does it consist of?

A

related to left lungs

consists of left ventricle, and portion of left atrium

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25
Q

External Features of Heart - Surfaces

Where is the right pulmonary surface?

What does it consist of?

A

related to right lung

consists of right atrium

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26
Q

External Features of Heart - Base

What is the heart base formed by?

What direction does it face?

A

mainly formed by left atrium and small portion of right atrium

faces posteriorly

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27
Q

External Features of Heart - Apex

What is the heart apex formed by?

What direction does it face?

A

formed by left ventricle

directed inferiorly and left

28
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Atrium

What does the right atrium receive venous blood from?

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

29
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Atrium

Where is the pectinate muscle?

A

lines anterior part of right atrium, and extends into right auricle (conical ear-like appendage)

30
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Atrium

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

impression located on interatrial septum

remnant of embryonic foramen ovalis that used to connect right and left atrium

31
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Atrium

How is the right atrium connected to the right ventricle?

A

via atrioventricular opening, guarded by atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

32
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Ventricle

What are traveculae carneae?

A

muscular ridges on walls of the ventricle

33
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Ventricle

What are papillary muscles?

A

group of muscular ridges (3) that are finger-like projections that arise from walls of ventricle, and insert to leaflets of tricuspid valve via chordae tendineae (tendon-like structure)

34
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Ventricle

What does the pulmonary artery arise from?

A

superior part of right ventricle

35
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Ventricle

What is the pulmonary valve?

A

semilunar valve located at beginning of artery that prevents blood from flowing back to right ventricle

36
Q

Heart Chambers - Right Ventricle

How is the right ventricle separated from the left ventricle?

A

by interventricular septum

37
Q

Heart Chambers - Left Atrium

What type of blood does the left atrium receive, and from where?

A

receives oxygenated venous blood from right and left pulmonary veins

38
Q

Heart Chambers - Left Atrium

Where are pectinate muscles?

A

only found in left auricle (ear-like appendage)

39
Q

Heart Chambers - Left Atrium

What is the left atrium connected to the left ventricle by?

A

via left atrioventricular opening, guarded by left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve

40
Q

Heart Chambers - Left Ventricle

Describe the structure of the trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles (2), and chordae tendinae?

A

similar to right ventricle

41
Q

Heart Chambers - Left Ventricle

What does the aorta arise from?

A

superior part of left ventricle

42
Q

Heart Chambers - Left Ventricle

What is the aortic valve?

What is its function?

A

semilunar valve at beginning of aorta that prevents blood from flowing back to left ventricle

43
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

pericardial sac

44
Q

What is the pericardial sac composed of? (2)

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

45
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

What does it attach to?

A

(outer fibrous layer) thick layer of dense connective tissue surrounding the heart

attaches to central tendon of diaphragm inferiorly, and to great vessels of heart superiorly

46
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

2 layers of connective tissues specialized in secretion of serous fluid

47
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

Where is each layer?

A

parietal layer: lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium

visceral layer (epicardium): attaches to surface of heart

48
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

What is it filled with?

A

narrow space between parietal and visceral layers (of the serous pericardium)

filled with small amount of serous fluid that lubricates the heart surfaces to facilitate heart movements

49
Q

What does the conducting system of the heart do?

A

coordinates cardiac cycle

50
Q

What does the conducting system of the heart consist of?

A

modified cardiac muscle fibers

51
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Where is it located?

A

pacemaker of the heart located on right atrium wall close to superior vena cava opening

52
Q

Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

located on right side of interatrial septum close to opening of coronary sinus

53
Q

Where is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)?

A

starts from AV node → enters interventricular septum → divides into right and left branches

54
Q

What do the branches of the bundle of His give rise to?

A

Purkinje fibers that distribute into right and left ventricular walls

55
Q

Describe the pathway of the electrical impulse.

A

SA node → propagates through and contracts atrial walls before reaching AV node → passes through ventricular walls via atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers → ventricular contraction

56
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

regulates heart rate and its contraction force

57
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

What do preganglionic sympathetic fibers arise from?

Where do they synapse?

What happens after they synapse?

A

lateral horns of T1-T5 spinal cord segments

synapse in cervical and upper thoracic paravertebral sympathetic ganglia

continue as postganglionic sympathetic fibers to contribute in formation of cardiac plexus under aortic arch

58
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

What doe the sympathetic component of the cardiac plexus do?

A

increases heart rate

59
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

What doe the parasympathetic component of the cardiac plexus do?

A

decreases heart rate

60
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

What are preganglionic parasympathetic fibers derived from?

What do they contribute to?

A

vagus nerves

enter and contribute in cardiac plexus

61
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

Where do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse?

A

in ganglia located either within plexus or embedded in walls of atria

62
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

What is the visceral afferent component of the cardiac plexus associated with?

A

vagus nerve and sympathetic fibers

63
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

What do fibers associated with vagus nerve do? (2)

A
  • detect changes in blood pressure and chemical contents (O2 and CO2)
  • concerned with cardiac reflexes
64
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

What do fibers associated with sympathetic fibers do? (2)

A

conduct ‘pain’ sensation from heart

65
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

Where do fibers associated with sympathetic fibers go?

A

return to cervical or upper thoracic ganglia of sympathetic chain (trunk) to end in upper 4-5 thoracic segments of spinal cord

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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