Chpt. 11, Probability and Statistics Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chpt. 11, Probability and Statistics Deck (38)
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1
Q

Fundamental Counting Principle

A

in a sequence of selections, you can multiply the number of choices for each selection, and the product is the total number of possible overall outcomes

2
Q

permutation

A

an arrangement of items in a particular order

the number of n objects taken r at a time is:

p = n!/(n - r)!

3
Q

n factorial (!)

A

for any positive integer n, n factorial is n * n-1 * n-2, all the way down to zero

4
Q

combination

A

any unordered selection of r objects from a set of n objects

the number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time is:

C = n!/r!(n-r)!

5
Q

experimental probability

A

the ratio of the number of times something actually happens over the number of times the experiment has been done

6
Q

simulation

A

a model that imitates one or more events

7
Q

sample space

A

the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment

8
Q

equally likely outcomes

A

events in a sample space that have the same chance of occurring

9
Q

theoretical probability

A

if a sample space has n possible outcomes, and an event A occurs in m of these outcomes, then the theoretical probability of events a is P(A) = m/n

10
Q

dependent events

A

when the outcome of one event determines the outcome of a second event

11
Q

independent events

A

when the outcome of one event does not affect the probability of a second event

12
Q

mutually exclusive events

A

when two events cannot happen at the same time

13
Q

the probability of events A occurring and event B occurring also

A

P(A) * P(B)

14
Q

conditional probability

A

conditional probability contains a condition that may limit the sample space for an event; for example:
(train arrives and departs on time) train departs on time)

15
Q

measures of central tendency

A

mean, median, and mode

16
Q

mean

A

the sum of the data divided by the number of data

17
Q

median

A

the middle value in a set of data; if the data set contains an even number of values, this is the mean of the two middle values

18
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring value (or values) in a set of data; a data set may have no mode, one mode, or more than one mode

19
Q

bimodal

A

having multiple modes

20
Q

outlier

A

a value substantially different from the rest of the data in the set

21
Q

range (of a set of data)

A

the difference between the greatest and least values

22
Q

quartile

A

values that separate a finite data set into four equal parts; the second quartile is the median of the data; the first and third quartiles are the medians of the upper and lower halves of the data, respectively

23
Q

interquartile range

A

the difference between the third and first quartiles

24
Q

box and whisker plot

A

a method of displaying data that uses quartiles to form the center box, and the maximum and minimum values to form the whiskers

25
Q

percentile

A

a number from 0 to 100 that can be associated with a value x from a data set

26
Q

measures of variance

A

measures (such as the range, interquartile range, or standard deviation) that describe how the data in a data set are spread out

27
Q

variance

A

the square of the standard deviation

28
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of how much the values in a data set vary (deviate) from the mean, X; standard deviation:

  • find the mean
  • square the difference between each point and the mean
  • find the mean of the squares
  • take the square root of the mean of the squares
29
Q

population

A

the members of a set

30
Q

sample

A

a portion of a population

31
Q

convenience sample

A

a sample in which all selected data points are those that are readily available (convenient)

32
Q

self-selected sample

A

a sample of data points selected by the sampler

33
Q

systematic sample

A

a sample in which the population is ordered in some way, then selected from at random intervals

34
Q

random sample

A

a sample in which the data points are selected randomly

35
Q

bias

A

a systematic error introduced by the sampling method

36
Q

observational study

A

when the sample is interacted with in such a way that it is not affected

37
Q

controlled experiment

A

an experiment with a “control”

38
Q

survey

A

a sample in which every member is asked the same questions