China Flashcards

1
Q

One reason we should learn about Chinese civilization is that in today’s world around ___% of the world’s population lives in China

A

25

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2
Q

As we have learned, all the primary civilizations developed along rivers, and in China the two key rivers are the ___ and the ___.

A

Yellow, Yanzi

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3
Q

Which key values of Chinese civilization are mentioned by Wood, and in another column, list some of the Western counterparts:

A

Moral orders sustained by virtue
harmony on earth
ritual reverence for ancestors
control in direction

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4
Q

In Chinese the word for ___ means civilization.

A

writing

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5
Q

The first great “path” of Chinese civilization is a philosophy developed by ___.

A

Confucious

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6
Q

Confucius lived from ___ to ___ B.C.

A

551, 479

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7
Q

Confucius maintained that the ideal state would feature a ___ order, sustained with ___ (defined as ___).He also said that people must be taught how to be ___.

A

moral, virtue, concern for others, good

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8
Q

There is no deity in Confucianism, it is not a ___.

A

religion

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9
Q

The U.S. Constitution is 225 years old - Confucius lived ___ years ago,.

A

2500

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10
Q

The second great “path” of Chinese civilization is religion known as ___.

A

Buddhismq

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11
Q

Buddhism came to China from the country of ___ and it tends to emphasize the principles of ___ and detachment from the ___ world.

A

India, self-renunciation, material

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12
Q

During the 11th century A.D. the ___dynasty ruled during China’s ___ Age. It was during this time that knowledge of ___ was required to enter government service, and inventions appeared such as:

A

Sung, Golden, Confucianism; paper money, compass, movable type

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13
Q

In the 13th century a Venetian named ___ visited China. He admired many aspects of Chinese civilization and said that the Chinese could have conquered the ___ if they had wanted to.

A

Marco Polo, world

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14
Q

___ later read Marco Polo’s journals and they inspired his explorations in the 1400s.

A

Columbus

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15
Q

In the 15th century the ___ Dynasty made a conscious decision to cancel voyages of ___ and made substantial additions to the Great ___.

A

Ming, exploration, Wall

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16
Q

The Chinese “missed” ___/____ revolutions of the 18th century.

A

Copernical/Scientific

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17
Q

In the 19th century Western countries suffered from a ___ deficit with China.

A

trade

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18
Q

Great Britain decided to mass produce ___ and flood Chinese markets with the lower priced drug.

A

Opium

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19
Q

When China objected the result was the ___ wars that China lost in 1842.

A

Opium

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20
Q

China was forced to open itself to western ___ and Great Britain took possession of ___.

A

trade, Hong Kong

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21
Q

From the Chinese perspective, what is the mandate of Heaven?

A

Regime change: rulers/dynasties have authority to rule as long as they rule in the interests of people => Chinese version of social contract

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22
Q

In comparison to India and the Middle East, China developed in relative ___.

A

isolation

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23
Q

Most importantly, China’s isolation had an impact on the ___ writing system that they developed.

A

logographic

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24
Q

China occupies much of the ___zone in terms of climate , and the northern region is drained by the ___ River, and the dominant soil is called ___ (Sioux City, Iowa is situated along hills of it as well.)

A

Temperate, Yellow, Loess

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25
Q

The ___ River is the dominant feature of South China

A

Yangzi

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26
Q

From about 10,000 BC ___ was practiced in China, and by 5,000 BC Neolithic ___ ___ started to appear.

A

agriculture, village settlements.

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27
Q

During this Neolithic period a system of ___ aimed at communicating with ancestors or gods based on interpreting cracks induced by heat in cattle bones developed.

A

divination

28
Q

From 1500 to 1050 BC the ___ Dynasty appeared in China.

A

Shang

29
Q

The best excavated city of the Shang dynasty is ___.

A

Anyang

30
Q

Shang kings were successful warriors, but they also served as the high ___ who offered sacrifices to royal ___, who could ___with the god Di.

A

priests, ancestors, intervene

31
Q

The method of communicating with ancestors was ___associated with the cracks of on oracle bones.

A

divination

32
Q

Shang kings were ritually ___ underground.

A

buried

33
Q

Human beings were ___ and/or ___ at many tombs.

A

buried, sacraficed

34
Q

___ was already a major element in Chinese civilization by 1200 BC.

A

Writing

35
Q

The Chinese script was ___ meaning that each ___was represented by a single ___.

A

logographic, word, symbol

36
Q

The effort required to gain full mastery of reading and writing added to the ___ of education.

A

prestige

37
Q

Chinese script played a large role in holding China together and fostering a sense of ___ to the past.

A

connection

38
Q

From 12050 to 256 B.C. the ___ Dynasty ruled China.

A

Zhou.

39
Q

During the Zhou Dynasty, according to the Book of ___, a theory of government evolved in which Heaven gave the King a ___ to rule only as long as he ruled in the interests of the people.

A

Documents, mandate

40
Q

The Mandate of ___ helped explain why rulers and dynasties sometimes had to be deposed.

A

Heaven

41
Q

Glimpses of social life during the Zhou Dynasty can be found in the Book of ___.

A

Songs.

42
Q

During the Warring States Period, a new weapon called the ___was invented around 350 BC and the introduction of ___ in this period also reduced the need for a chariot-riding aristocracy.

A

crossbow, cavalry

43
Q

One of the most famous treatises on warfare cam from the Zhou period and it was known as The Art of ___ by Sun Wu

A

War

44
Q

Sun Wu claimed that ___ was a worthless virtue that leads to needless ___; arguing that the entire army had to follow the orders of the commanders without ___ them.

A

heroism, deaths, questioning

45
Q

The greatest of all ancient Chinese philosophers was a man named ___ who lived from 551 - 479 BCE.

A

Confucius

46
Q

The thrust of Confucian thought was ___ rather than theoretical or metaphysical.

A

ethical

47
Q

To Confucius a gentleman was a man of ___ cultivation rather than a man of noble birth.

A

moral

48
Q

Confucian ___ ideals shaped Chinese civilization into the twentieth century, and the Confucian vision provided the ___ basis for the Chinese family into modern times.

A

political, moral

49
Q

Daoists focused on the whole natural order identified as the ___ or Dao.

A

way

50
Q

How is Yin defined?

A

feminine, dark receptive, yielding, negative and weak

51
Q

How is Yang defined

A

masculine, bright, assertive, creative, positive, and strong

52
Q

The Daoists believed that unwanted things happen when the balance between ___ and ___ gets disturbed.

A

yin, Yang

53
Q

Between 800 and 1400, AD, East Asia was the most ___ region of the world.

A

advanced

54
Q

In the Song Period, the principle that the government should be in the hands of highly educated ___ officials became well-established.

A

scholar

55
Q

A group known as the ___ would conquer China in 1279, they ruled China at the time of ___ travels.

A

Mongols, Marco Polo

56
Q

Theory of Dynastic cycle

A

Vigor to growth => subsequent decline => administrators avoid paying taxes and become “well-off” => cutting state revenue

57
Q

In 742 AD, China’s population was still approximately ___ million, but with the expansion of ___ cultivation , the food supply increased and China’s population reached ___ million by 1100 AD

A

50, wet-field rice, 100

58
Q

In the Song Period, foreign trade flourished and important to oceangoing travel was the perfection of the ___.

A

compass

59
Q

Marco Polo observed city life in Hangzhou, which had ___ marketplaces where __ to ___ thousand people would shop on any given day.

A

10, 40, 50

60
Q

The Song and Yuan Dynasties ruled China from ___ AD to ___ AD

A

960, 1368

61
Q

During the Song period an ___ system was used to select officials and in the 11th century ___ type was invented.

A

examination, movable

62
Q

One popular literary innovation was the ___ which appeared at least five centuries before its European counterpart.

A

Encyclopedia

63
Q

The 11th and 12th centuries a revival of Confucian thinking known as ___-Confucianism took place.

A

Neo

64
Q

Women tended to marry between the ages of ___ and ___ and it was arranged by the parents.

A

16, 20

65
Q

The young bride’s first priority was to try to win over her ___ since everyone knew that they were hard to ___.

A

mother-in-law, please