Chemistry - Ch 19 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chemistry - Ch 19 Deck (14)
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1
Q

Spontaneous process

A

one that proceeds on its own without any outside assistance

2
Q

Reversible process

A

a system is changed in such a way that the system and surroundings can be restored to their original state by exactly reversing the change

3
Q

Irreversible process

A

one that cannot simply be reversed to restore the system and its surroundings to their original states

4
Q

Isothermal

A

one that occurs at constant temperature

5
Q

Entropy

A

a thermodynamic function associated with the number of different equivalent energy states or spatial arrangements in which a system may be found. It is a thermodynamic state function, which means that once we specify the conditions for a system - that is, the temperature, pressure, etc. - the _____ is defined

6
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

A statement of our experience that there is a direction to the way events occur in nature. When a process occurs spontaneously in one direction, it is non-spontaneous in the reverse direction. It is possible to state this in many different forms, but they all relate back to the same idea about spontaneity. One of the most common statements found in chemical contexts is that in any spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases

7
Q

Translational motion

A

an entire molecule can move in one direction (e.g. motions of particles of an ideal gas or a baseball being thrown around a baseball field)

8
Q

Vibrational motion

A

the atoms in the molecule move periodically toward and away from one another (e.g. tuning fork)

9
Q

Rotational motion

A

spinning motion (e.g. tops)

10
Q

Microstate

A

single possible arrangement of the positions and kinetic energies of the gas molecules when the gas is in a specific thermodynamic state

11
Q

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

A

the entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero is zero

12
Q

Standard molar entropies

A

molar entropy values of substances in their standard states

13
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (Free Energy)

A

a thermodynamic state function that combines enthalpy and entropy, in the form of G = H - TS. For a change occurring at constant temperature and pressure, the change in free energy is Delta G = Delta H - T(Delta S)

14
Q

Standard Free Energies of Formation

A

this change in free energy associated with the formation of a substance from its elements under standard conditions

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