Chemistry - Ch 13 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chemistry - Ch 13 Deck (38)
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0
Q

Hydration

A

interactions between solute/solvent when the solvent is water

1
Q

Solvation

A

Interactions between solute and solvent molecules

2
Q

Entropy

A

degree of randomness in the system (AKA disorder); thermodynamic quantity

3
Q

Hydrates

A

salt and water combined in definite proportions, like FeCl3 + 6H2O

4
Q

Water of hydration

A

water associated with hydrates

5
Q

Crystallization

A

opposite of solution process; solute particle reattaches to solid

6
Q

Saturated

A

solution in equilibrium with undissolved solute

7
Q

Solubility

A

Amount of solute needed to form a saturated solution in a given quantity of solvent

8
Q

Unsaturated

A

if less solute is dissolved than is needed to form a saturated solution

9
Q

Supersaturated

A

solutions with a greater amount of solute than needed to form a saturated solution

10
Q

Miscible

A

pairs of liquids (ex. acetone & water) that mix in all proportions

11
Q

Immiscible

A

Pairs of liquids that do not dissolve in one another

12
Q

Henry’s Law

A

relationship between pressure and the solubility of a gas; Sg (solubility of gas in solution) = k (Constant) times Pg (partial pressure of the gas over the solution); K is different for each solute-solvent pair

13
Q

Mass percentage

A

(Mass of component in solution divided by total mass of solution) x 100%

14
Q

Parts per million (ppm)

A

how concentrations of very dilute solution are expressed

15
Q

Mole fraction

A

moles of component divided by total moles of all components

16
Q

Molality (m)

A

number of moles of solute divided by kilograms of solvent

17
Q

Colligative properties (“depending on the collection”)

A

properties that depend on the collective effect of the number of solute particles

18
Q

Raoult’s Law

A

partial pressure is exerted by solvent vapor above a solution (P subscript A) = the product of the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution (X subscript A) times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (P degree subscript A)

19
Q

Ideal solution

A

obeys Raoult’s Law

20
Q

Molal boiling-point-elevation constant

A

(Kb) a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the increase in boiling point as a function of solution molality

21
Q

Molal freezing-point-depression

A

(Kf) a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the decrease in freezing point as a function of solution molality

22
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of solvent is always toward the solution with the higher solute concentration

23
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to prevent osmosis by pure solvent

24
Q

Isotonic

A

if 2 solutions of identical osmotic pressure are separate by a semipermeable membrane, no osmosis will occur

25
Q

Hypotonic

A

if one solution is of lower osmotic pressure, it is _______ with respect to the more concentrated solution

26
Q

Hypertonic

A

the more concentrated solution is ________ with respect to the dilute solution

27
Q

Crenation

A

osmosis causing a cell to shrivel

28
Q

Hemolysis

A

Osmosis causing a cell to rupture

29
Q

Active transport

A

in some cases, substances must be moved across the cell membrane from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration; not spontaneous

30
Q

Colloidal dispersions (colloids)

A

mixtures containing particles larger than normal solutes but small enough to remain suspended in the dispersing medium

31
Q

Tyndall Effect

A

scattering of light by colloidal particles

32
Q

Hydrophilic colloid

A

water-loving

33
Q

Hydrophobic colloid

A

Water-fearing

34
Q

Adsorption

A

to adhere to a surface

35
Q

Emulsion

A

suspension of one liquid in another

36
Q

Coagulation

A

process of enlarging colloidal particles

37
Q

Dialysis

A

using semipermeable membranes to separate ions from colloidal particles

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