Chapters 5-8 Flashcards Preview

Intro to Sociology > Chapters 5-8 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapters 5-8 Deck (51)
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1
Q

Group

A

A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other.

2
Q

Crowd

A

A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact.

3
Q

Groupthink

A

In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a high demand for unanimous agreement.

4
Q

Bureaucracies (+ components)

A

Secondary groups designed to perform tasks efficiently. (specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, formal written communication)

5
Q

Types of groups

A

Primary, secondary, dyads, triads, in-groups, out-groups, reference group.

6
Q

Primary groups

A

Involve more face to face interaction, greater cooperation, and deeper feelings of belonging. In these groups, we are closely associated with other members such as family and friends.

7
Q

Secondary groups

A

Larger and less intimate than primary; relationships organized around a specific goal.

8
Q

Dyads

A

Smallest possible group, only two members.

9
Q

Triads

A

Slightly more stable small group with three people, third member can referee conflicts that arise between the other two.

10
Q

In-groups

A

Groups that members identify with and feel loyalty toward.

11
Q

Out-groups

A

Any group that an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward.

12
Q

Reference groups

A

Group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves.

13
Q

Group dynamics

A

The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals.

14
Q

Group cohesion

A

The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong.

15
Q

Social influence

A

Exerting group control over others’ decisions.

16
Q

Conformity

A

Compliance with standards, rules, or laws.

17
Q

Consequential stranger

A

Personal connections other than family and close friends.

18
Q

Deviance

A

A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.

19
Q

Primary deviance

A

In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant.

20
Q

Positive deviance

A

Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic.

21
Q

Prejudice

A

An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it.

22
Q

Miscegenation

A

Romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races.

23
Q

Minority group

A

Social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society’s dominant groups though they are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups. [characteristics: 1.) Differential power 2.)Identifiability 3.) Ascribed status 4.) Solidarity and group awareness 5.) Marriage within the group

24
Q

Majority group

A

Generally privileged.

25
Q

Racism

A

Belief that one race is superior and all others are innately inferior.

26
Q

Secondary deviance

A

In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant.

27
Q

Stigma

A

Coined by Erving Goffman, physical or social attribute that devalues a person or a group’s identity, types:
(physical or mental, moral, tribal).

28
Q

Labeling theory

A

Becker, Deviance is determined by the social context.

29
Q

Theoretical approaches to deviance

A

functional, conflict, interactionist

30
Q

Functional

A

Durkheim, reminds us of our shared notions of wrong and right and promotes social cohesion.

31
Q

Conflict

A

Both society’s rules and the punishments for breaking those rules are applied unequally,

32
Q

Interactionist

A

Deviance is a learned behavior, people learn it from the different groups with which they associate.

33
Q

Discrimination

A

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group, usually motivated by prejudice.

34
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it.

35
Q

Race

A

A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.

36
Q

Ethnicity

A

A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor.

37
Q

Status inconsistency

A

A situation in which an individual has differing levels of status in terms of wealth, power, prestige, or other elements of socioeconomic status.

38
Q

Intersectionality

A

A concept that identifies how different categories of inequality (race, class, gender, etc.) intersect to shape the lives of individuals and groups.

39
Q

Social stratification

A

The division of society into groups arranged in social hierarchy.

40
Q

Class (Karl Marx)

A

Class is the foundation of society, concern for growing inequality between bourgeoisie and proletariat, system unfair.

41
Q

Class (Max Weber)

A

Consists of three components:
Economic (class position)
Social (prestige) (what others think of what you have, how one lives)
Power (ability to do what one wants; influence)

42
Q

Systems of stratification

A

Slavery, caste system, social class system

43
Q

Slavery system

A

Most extreme, people as commodities, lowest ranking. Prohibited but still exists (Human trafficking).

44
Q

Caste system

A

Found in various parts of the world, ascribed status (race, ethnicity)

45
Q

Social class system

A

Practiced in capitalist societies, rankings are determined by; wealth, property, power, prestige, socioeconomic status.

46
Q

Social mobility

A

The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes.
upward mobility.
downward (vertical) mobility

47
Q

Poverty

A

Can be defined in either relative or absolute terms.
relative deprivation- a comparative approach
absolute deprivation- unable to meet minimum standards

48
Q

Poverty line

A

Molly Orshansky (1964), minimum required to not be poor.

49
Q

Oscar Lewis 1959

A

Argues that many poor people develop a way of life that keeps them poor in adapting to their deprived condition.

50
Q

“On being sane in sane places” David Rosenhan

A

Power of labeling and social context. Power is in the label, so it doesn’t have to be true.

51
Q

Strain

A

Society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals though they lack the means.