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Biology > Chapters 35 and 36 (Human Body Unit p.1) > Flashcards

Chapters 35 and 36 (Human Body Unit p.1) Flashcards

1
Q

what do the levels of organization in a multicellular organism include?

A

cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

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2
Q

what structures make up the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

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3
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environments

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4
Q

what structures make up the integumentary system?

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

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5
Q

what is the function of the integumentary system?

A

serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against ultrviolet radiation from the sun

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6
Q

what structures make up the respiratory system?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

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7
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

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8
Q

what structures make up the digestive system?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophaagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum

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9
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates waste

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10
Q

what structures make up the excretory system?

A

skin, lungs, kidneys, uretors, urinary bladder, uretha

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11
Q

what is the function of the excretory system?

A

eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

what structures make up the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

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13
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system?

A

supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a ssite for blood cell formation

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14
Q

what structures make up the muscular system?

A

skeletal muscle,smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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15
Q

what is the function of the muscular system?

A

works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

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16
Q

what structures make up the circulatory system?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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17
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system?

A

brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature

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18
Q

what structures make up the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes

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19
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

controls growth development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis

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20
Q

what structures make up the reproductive system?

A

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, uretha, and penis; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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21
Q

what is the function of the reproductive system?

A

produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo

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22
Q

what structures make up the lymphatic/immune systems?

A

white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels

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23
Q

what are specilaized cells?

A

cells that are uniquely suited to perform a particular function.

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24
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces.

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25
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

provides support for the body and connects it’s parts

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26
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.

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27
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A

along with bones, enables the body to move

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28
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. Homeostasis in the body is maintained by feedback loops

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29
Q

what is feedback inhibition?

A

the process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

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30
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.

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31
Q

what are neurons?

A

cells that transmit impulses

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32
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain

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33
Q

motor neuorns

A

carry impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands

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34
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons aand carry impulses between them

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35
Q

cell body

A

largest part of neuron; contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm; most of the metabolic activity of the cell takes place here

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36
Q

dendrites

A

extensions that branch off from the cell body; carry impulses from the environment or form other neurons toward the cell body.

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37
Q

axon

A

long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body

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38
Q

myelin sheath

A

an insulating membrane that surrounds the axon in some neurons; surrounds a single long axon leaving many gaps called nodes

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39
Q

resting potential

A

the electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron in its resting state

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40
Q

how does an impulse begin?

A

when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or the environment

41
Q

action potential

A

the reversal of charges, from negative to positive, is called a nerve impulse

42
Q

synapse

A

the location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell

43
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell

44
Q

what is the function of the central nervous system?

A

to relay information, process information, and analyze information

45
Q

meninges

A

connective tissue that surrounnds both the brain and the spinal cord

46
Q

cerebrospinal fluiid

A

baths the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system

47
Q

cerebellum

A

the largest and most prominent region of the human brain; responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body

48
Q

cerebrum

A

second largest region of the brain; located at the back of the skull; coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently

49
Q

brain stem

A

connects the brain and the spinal cord; regulate the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body.

50
Q

hypothalamus

A

the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst,fatigue, anger, and body temperature

51
Q

thalnamus

A

recieves messages from all of the sensory receptors throughout the body and then relays the information for further processing

52
Q

reflex

A

a quick automatic response to a stimulus

53
Q

What does the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system do?

A

transmits impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system. The motor division transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands

54
Q

reflex arc

A

the pathway that an impulse travels from your foot back to your leg

55
Q

sensory receptors

A

neurons that react directly to stimuli from the envionment, includiing light, sound, motion, chemicals, pressure, and changes in temperature

56
Q

what are the five general categories of sensory receptors?

A

pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptor

57
Q

pupil

A

tiny muscles in the iris adjust the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye

58
Q

lens

A

small muscles attached to the lensss change its shape to help you adjust your eyes’ focus to near or distant objects

59
Q

retina

A

photoreceptors are arranged in a layer in the retina. The photoreceptors convert light energy into nerve impulses that are carried to the central nervous system.

60
Q

rods

A

a type of photoreceptor that is extremely sensitive to light, but they do not distinguish different colors

61
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors that are less sensitive than rods, but they do respond to light of different colors, producing color vision

62
Q

cochlea

A

a fluid filled part of the inner ear

63
Q

semicircular canals

A

monitor the position of your body, especially your head, in relation to gravity

64
Q

taste buds

A

sense organs that detect taste

65
Q

drug

A

any substance, other than food, that changes the structure or function of the body.

66
Q

stimulants

A

a type of drug that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. In addition , stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain

67
Q

depressants

A

a type of drug that slows down heart rate, lower blood pressure, relax muscles, and relieve tension

68
Q

what does cocaine cause?

A

the sudden release in the brain of a neurotransmitter called dopamine.

69
Q

what are opiates?

A

they mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain.

70
Q

what is alcohol?

A

a depressant that slows done the rate at which the central nervous system functions.

71
Q

what is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

a group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on the fetus.

72
Q

drug abuse

A

the intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes

73
Q

addiction

A

an uncontrollable dependence on a drug

74
Q

what does the skeletal system do?

A

supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation

75
Q

bones

A

a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.

76
Q

periosteum

A

a tough layer of connective tissue

77
Q

haversian canals

A

a network of tubes that contain blood vessels and nerves

78
Q

bone marrow

A

soft tissue found inside bone cavaties

79
Q

cartilage

A

a type of connective tissue made up of protein fibers such as collagen and flexible elastin

80
Q

ossification

A

the process in which cartilage is replaced by bone

81
Q

joint

A

a place where one bone attaches to another bone

82
Q

how are joints classified?

A

depending on their type of movement; they can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable

83
Q

ligaments

A

strips of tough connective tissue that hold bones together in a joint

84
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

85
Q

myosin

A

a protein contained in thick filaments

86
Q

actin

A

a protein that makes up thin filaments

87
Q

when does a muscle contract?

A

when the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments

88
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

89
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter that is released from the vesicles in an axon terminal

90
Q

tendons

A

tough connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles to bones

91
Q

why is regular exercise important?

A

it helps maintain muscular strength and flexibility

92
Q

integumentary system

A

serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes waste products from the body, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

93
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of the skin

94
Q

keratin

A

a tough fibrous protein that makes up hair and nails

95
Q

melanin

A

a dark brown pigment produced by melanocytes, helps protect the skin from UV light

96
Q

dermis

A

the inner layer of the skin

97
Q

what are the two major glands contained in the dermis

A

sweat glands and sebaceous glands (oil glands)

98
Q

hair follicles

A

tubelike pockets of epidermal cells that extend into the dermis. the base where hair grows

Biology (7 decks)

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