Chapters 12-14 Flashcards Preview

Juvenile Delinquency > Chapters 12-14 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapters 12-14 Deck (59)
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1
Q

Friends or acquaintances who participate in delinquency with another peer.

A

co-offenders

2
Q

The idea that adolescents who are already involved in delinquency are most apt to join a gang (selection) but, after joining, their delinquency is likely to increase significantly (facilitation).

A

enhancement model

3
Q

A sense of solidarity and awareness of being a distinct group.

A

esprit de corps

4
Q

A “kind of group” explanation that suggests the normative structure of a gang, along with group processes and dynamics, increase delinquency among youth.

A

facilitation model

5
Q

An initiative within the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention that includes a framework for coordinating a wide range of activities that have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing gang activity and delinquency.

A

Gang Reduction Program

6
Q

A Los Angeles-based program that educates, trains, and finds jobs for at-risk youths and gang members.

A

Homeboy Industries

7
Q

“Love of the same”; the process by which people select to associate with those persons who are most similar to them.

A

homophily

8
Q

A civil process in which gang members are prohibited from engaging in mundane activities, such as loitering at schools or hanging out on street corners; if they violate these mandates, they face arrest.

A

injunction (abatement)

9
Q

Age cohorts within Hispanic gangs.

A

klikas

10
Q

Defining a crime as “gang related” when a gang member or members are either the perpetrators or the victims, regardless of the motive.

A

member-based definition

11
Q

Defining a crime as “gang related” when it is committed by a gang member or members, and the underlying reason for the crime is to further the interests and activities of the gang.

A

motive-based definition

12
Q

A group of youths of similar ages and interests.

A

peer group

13
Q

The rejection of a child perceived to be antisocial by conventional peers.

A

peer rejection

14
Q

A “kind of person” explanation of gang initiation that argues adolescents with a strong propensity for delinquency seek out gangs.

A

selection model

15
Q

A police response to gang activity that includes selective surveillance, arrest, and prosecution of gang members.

A

suppression

16
Q

A gang’s sense of territoriality.

A

turf

17
Q

A group of youths who are willing to use deadly violence to claim and protect territory, to attack rival gangs, or to engage in criminal activity.

A

youth gang

18
Q

The stage in the juvenile justice system that parallels prosecution and trial in adult criminal courts.

A

adjudication

19
Q

A hearing to determine whether a juvenile committed the offense of which he or she is accused.

A

adjudication hearing

20
Q

The release and subsequent community supervision of an individual from a correctional facility, intended to ensure a more positive and effective transition back into the community.

A

aftercare

21
Q

Money or a cash bond deposited with the court or bail bondsman allowing the person to be released on the assurance he or she will appear in court at the proper time.

A

bail

22
Q

U.S. Supreme Court decision that a criminal prosecution of a child following a juvenile court hearing constitutes double jeopardy.

A

Breed v. Jones

23
Q

Process by which a juvenile may request to have his or her case transferred to criminal court.

A

demand waiver

24
Q

The temporary custody and care of juveniles pending adjudication, disposition, or implementation of disposition.

A

detention

25
Q

A hearing to determine the most appropriate placement of a juvenile adjudicated to be delinquent.

A

disposition hearing

26
Q

The early suspension or termination of the official processing of a juvenile in favor of an informal or unofficial alternative.

A

diversion

27
Q

Rule that forbids criminal prosecution of a juvenile after he or she has been tried in juvenile court for the same offense.

A

double jeopardy

28
Q

An active or passive computer-based tracking system in which electronic signals are used to verify that the youth is where he or she is supposed to be.

A

electronic monitoring

29
Q

Rule stating that illegally obtained evidence may not be admissible in a criminal prosecution or in a juvenile court adjudication hearing.

A

exclusionary rule

30
Q

The intensive supervision and monitoring of an offending youth within his or her home environment.

A

home confinement

31
Q

Case in which the U.S. Supreme Court held that juveniles could not be denied basic due process rights in juvenile hearings.

A

In re Gault

32
Q

U.S Supreme Court ruling that, in delinquency cases, juveniles should be convicted only if proof of their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt exists.

A

In re Winship

33
Q

The initial screening process in the juvenile court to determine whether a case should be processed further.

A

intake

34
Q

Equivalent to intensive parole supervision; a monitoring approach used to provide greater supervision of youths after their release from official institutions.

A

intensive aftercare program (IAP)

35
Q

Most common waiver procedure for transferring youths to criminal court, in which the judge is the primary decision maker.

A

judicial waiver

36
Q

U.S. Supreme Court decision requiring a formal waiver hearing before transfer of a juvenile to criminal court.

A

Kent v. United States

37
Q

U.S. Supreme Court decision that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial in juvenile court.

A

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

38
Q

Similar to an indictment; a written statement setting forth the specific charge that a delinquent act has been committed or that a child is dependent or neglected or needs supervision.

A

petition

39
Q

The authority of police to choose one course of action over another.

A

police discretion

40
Q

The conditional freedom granted by the court to an alleged or adjudicated offender, who must adhere to certain conditions and is generally supervised by a probation officer.

A

probation

41
Q

Process in which the prosecutor determines whether a charge against a juvenile should be filed in criminal or juvenile court.

A

prosecutorial waiver

42
Q

Process in which a juvenile contests a statutory exclusion or prosecutorial transfer.

A

reverse waiver

43
Q

U.S. Supreme Court decision that the death penalty for anyone who was younger than age 18 at the time of his or her crime is unconstitutional.

A

Roper v. Simmons

44
Q

U.S. Supreme Court decision authorizing the preventive detention of juveniles who are identified as “serious risks” to the community if released.

A

Schall v. Martin

45
Q

Process established by statute that excludes certain juveniles, because of either age or offense, from juvenile court jurisdiction; charges are initially filed in criminal court.

A

statutory exclusion

46
Q

A legal process to transfer a juvenile from juvenile to criminal court.

A

waiver of jurisdiction

47
Q

Programs designed to build positive relationships and support networks between youths and their families, teachers, and community agencies through coordination of services.

A

wraparound programs

48
Q

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that police do not need to factor in the age and inexperience of a suspect in their decision about whether to read a juvenile his or her Miranda rights if the youth is not believed to be “in custody.”

A

Yarborough v. Alvarado

49
Q

A treatment program in which youths are rewarded for conforming to rules, exhibiting prosocial behavior, and not exhibiting antisocial or violent behavior.

A

behavioral token economy

50
Q

An approach that emphasizes dealing with the problem of juvenile delinquency after the fact.

A

delinquency control

51
Q

An approach that emphasizes delinquency is a problem to be worked on or altered for a purpose, or come to terms with.

A

management of delinquency

52
Q

A treatment approach in which residents are involved in decision making and day-to-day interactions for psycho-therapeutic discussion.

A

milieu treatment

53
Q

Policies and programs that target the child at the earliest point possible.

A

primary prevention

54
Q

A model that emphasizes the prevention of disease before it occurs by reducing the risk of the disease and increasing resiliency against disease within the larger population.

A

public health model

55
Q

A policy that attempts to manage a desired condition, degree, or rate of delinquent behavior.

A

regulating delinquency

56
Q

A program in which at-risk children are provided with brief encounters with inmates who describe the brutality of prison life.

A

Scared Straight

57
Q

Policies and programs aimed at children who are already identified as being at high risk of becoming serious or repeat delinquents.

A

secondary prevention

58
Q

A treatment approach that combines individual psychotherapy or counseling with close supervision of youths and with a coordination of social services.

A

social casework

59
Q

Policies and programs that target existing delinquents and attempt to reduce recidivism by treating the individual with appropriate therapeutic efforts, or by incapacitating the youth to protect the community against further delinquencies.

A

tertiary prevention