What increases the permeability of capillaries and venules as well as dilates arterioles and small arteries during a basic inflammatory reaction?
Histamine
What cells are produced during the first exposure primary immune response?
Memory cells (B and T)
What extends the effects of histamine?
Leukotrienes
What reacts first in a basic inflammatory reaction like a cut in the skin?
Histamine
What reacts last in a basic inflammation reaction like a cut in the skin?
Heparin and ECF
What counters the effects of histamine?
Heparin
What attracts neutrophils?
NCF
What attracts eosinophils?
ECF
What is the stimulus for a basic inflammatory reaction like a cut in the skin?
Phagocytosis, direct trauma, complement
What is the stimulus for an intermediate inflammatory reaction?
IgE/allergen complex
Hay fever and allergic contact dermatitis are examples of what kind of inflammatory reaction?
Intermediate
Dead cells, debris, and broken fibers are examples of what kind of inflammatory response?
Basic
What is massively produced during anaphylaxis?
IgE
Exposure to bee venom, peanut oil, and shellfish are examples of what kind of inflammatory reaction?
Anaphylaxis
What can the circulatory shock of anaphylaxis lead to?
Cardiovascular collapse
What is the cause of cardiovascular collapse with severe anaphylaxis?
Extensive internal bleeding
Which type of asthma involves an unknown allergen with a usual adult onset?
Intrinsic asthma
Which type of asthma involves allergens that are typically in the air and childhood onset?
Extrinsic asthma
What is the primary problem of asthma?
Release of leukotrienes
What stimulates asthma?
IgE allergen complex or secondary factors like fatigue, endocrine changes, odors, emotions, foods, etc.
What causes secondary difficulties of asthma?
Inflammation in the lungs
What cells become macrophages in connective tissue?
Monocytes
What phagocytic cells are attracted to sites of acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
What cells combat parasitic worm larvae?
Eosinophils
What leukocytes are attracted to sites of allergic inflammation?
Eosinophils
What is the most abundant leukocyte in the blood?
Neutrophils
Basophils are similar to what kind of cell?
Mast cells
What is the function of basophils?
Initiate, maintain, and influence inflammation
What kind of leukocyte is attracted to sites of chronic inflammation?
Lymphocytes
What is the adult stem cell?
Mesenchyme cells
What is the function of mesenchymal cells?
To change into a different cell type
Do mesenchyme cells exist in humans?
Yes, but numbers decrease
Reticular cells derived from what cells?
Mesenchymal cells
What is the function of reticular cells?
To make reticular fibers when needed on a permanent basis
Larger number of cells and cell types is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue
Fewer fibers is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue
Increased amount of ground substance is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue
Being quite vascular is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue
Where can the majority of loose areolar connective tissue be found?
Greater and lesser omenta
Where can small amounts of loose areolar connective tissue be found?
Around blood vessels
Where can loose irregular connective tissue be found?
In the papillary layer of the dermis and beneath the epithelium in organs
Fewer cells and cell types is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?
Dense connective tissue
Many fibers is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?
Dense connective tissue
Decreased amounts of ground substance is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?
Dense connective tissue
Being less vascular is characteristic of what kind of connective tissue proper?
Dense connective tissue
What is the exception to the characteristics of dense connective tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis
Where can dense irregular connective tissue be found?
Reticular layer of the dermis, nerve sheaths, organ capsules
Where can dense regular connective tissue be found?
Tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
What is the primary cell type in reticular connective tissue?
Reticular cell
What is the primary fiber type of reticular connective tissue?
Reticular fiber
Where can reticular connective tissue be found?
Lymphatic and endocrine organs; bone marrow
What is the function of reticular connective tissue?
Provides support in highly cellular areas/organs
What is the primary cell type of adipose?
Adipocytes
What type of connective tissue proper is quite vascular and contains areas of loose areolar connective tissue?
Adipose
What is the primary cell type of white adipose?
Unilocular white adipocyte (one large droplet)
What are the functions of white adipose?
Store energy, thermoregulation, protect/cushion organs
What is an example of a location where the thermoregulation function of the white adipose is seen?
Hypodermics of the skin
The fat around the kidneys serves what function of white adipose?
Protection and cushioning of organs
What produces adipokines?
White adipose
What is the function of leptin?
Inhibits appetite and regulates the formation of new adipocytes
What is the function of lipase?
Break down triglycerides and triglyceride renewal
What are locations for white adipose?
Around kidney and heart, within liver, bone marrow, hypodermis
What is the cellular cause of adult onset of obesity?
Existing adipocytes increase in size
What is the cellular cause of childhood obesity?
Numbers of adipocytes can increase as well as size
Obese children may have up to how many times more fat cells than other children?
3X
When can brown adipocyte numbers increase?
In a cold environment
Brown adipose is limited among what population?
Adults
Brown adipose is more prevalent among what population?
Newborns
Which adipocytes are smaller and multilocular?
Brown adipose
What is the function of brown adipose?
Thermogenesis
Why does brown adipose actually look brown?
Increased mitochondria
An increase in the number of cell types present should have what effect on healing potential?
Increased
Increased vascularity should lead to what effect on healing potential?
Increased
What are the three specialized connective tissue types?
Cartilage, bone, and blood