What is a gene?
A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
The actual physical or behavioral characteristics of an organism
Phenotype
Cells that have single chromosomes not paired
Haploid
A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene
Mutation
Cells that have chromosomes that are paired
Diploid
The genetic make-up of an organism
Genotype
The number of genes in diploid cells of mice is estimated to be about _____________.
30,000
A molecule that is composed of a series of chemical subunits that are linked together is called a:
Polymer
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
1- a sugar
2- a nitrogen-containing base
3- a phosphate group
What are the four bases found in DNA?
1- adenine
2- guanine
3- cytosine
4- thymine
Which base is paired with adenine in the DNA molecule?
Thymine
Name three major difference between the structure and chemical makeup of DNA and RNA.
1- the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, the sugar in RNA is ribose
2- In eukaryotes, DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded
3- One of the bases in DNA is thymine, in RNA, it is replaced by Uracil.
What is the product of protein?
Translation
What is the product of DNA?
Replication
What is the product of RNA?
Transcription
Where does replication take place?
In the nucleus
The product of transcription is a molecule of ____________.
RNA
Which of the following statements best describes mRNA?
A- it contains all the cells’s genetic information
B- it carries the cell’s genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
C- it provides the chemicals necessary to construct the ribosomes
D- it is generally double-stranded
B- it carries the cell’s genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Proteins can be detected in a biological sample using the _________ test.
Western blot
Which of the following techniques is used to clone DNA? A- western blot B- transcription C- translation D- polymerase chain reaction
D- polymerase chain reaction
___________________ is the process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits into two identical cells,
Mitosis
________________ is a form of cell division that ovaries and testes undergo during the process of sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
Using western blot, what enables visualization of the protein? A- Saline B- Iodine C- Gel D- Antibodies
D- Antibodies
What biomolecule carries the cell’s gentic information across the nuclear membrane? A- Chromatin B- DNA C- Nucleotide D- mRNA
D- mRNA
What is the term for a molecule that is composed of a series of chemical subunits which are linked together? A- Polymer B- Repeating sequence C- Building block D- Paring molecule
A- Polymer
What is the product of replication? A- RNA B- Enzyme C- Protein D- DNA
D- DNA
What is the process by which enzymes replicate DNA through many circles in a PCR machine? A- Amplification B- Biolumination C- Attenuation D- Extraction
A- Amplification
Which statement applies to haploid cells?
A- They have only one copy of each chromosome
B- They always exist in pairs
C- They contain two nuclei
D- They are somatic cells
A- They have only one copy of each chromosome
Where does transcription take place? A- In the nucleus B- In the lysosomes C- Within the nuclear membrane D- In the ribosomes
A- In the nucleus
What is the product of translation? A- DNA B- Protein C- RNA D- Enzyme
B- Protein
Which statement is TRUE regarding mitosis and meiosis?
A- Mitosis results in two haploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in four diploid daughter cells
B- Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells
C- Mitosis results in four haploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in two diploid daughter cells
D- Mitosis results in four diploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in two haploid daughter cells
B- Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells, and meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells
For which function is RNA vital? A- Maintenance of cell structure B- Production of protein C- Transfer of materials into and out of the cell D- Extraction and handling of energy
B- Production of protein
In which process do diploid cells in the ovaries and testes undergo cell division? A- Meiosis B- Replication C- Mitosis D- Mutation
A- Meisos
Where does translation take place? A- In the nucleus B- In the lysosomes C- In the ribosomes D- Within the nuclear membrane
C- In the ribosomes
After collecting DNA, what step is done before cutting it into smaller fragments? A- Applying it to a gel B- Purifying it C- testing it for a specific trait D- Adding restriction enzymes
B- Purifying it
Which of the following procedures determines the level of mRNA transcripts in sample? A- Electrophoresis B- Eastern blot C- Quantitative RT-PCR D- Western blot
C- Quantitative RT-PCR
In which process are germ cells produced? A- Mutation B- Replication C- Mitosis D- Meiosis
D- Meiosis
Which statement is TRUE regarding cell division?
A- A haploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis
B- A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis
C- A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in meiosis
D- A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in meiosis
B- A diploid cell divides to create two identical diploid daughter cells in mitosis
What is the product of transcription? A- Enzyme B- Protein C- DNA D- RNA
D- RNA
What is the one base that differs in RNA as compared to DNA?
A- RNA has uracil where DNA has thymine
B- RNA has adenine where DNA has uracil
C- RNA has thymine where DNA guanine
D- RNA has cytosine where DNA has thymine
A- RNA has uracil where DNA has thymine
In protein synthesis, during which step is messenger RNA formed? A- The bond of DNA with a lipid B- The transcription of DNA C- The flow of DNA into the cytoplasm D- The attachment of DNA to a ribosome
B- The transcription of DNA
How has qPCR made environmental testing possible?
A- It is easy to get a fluorescent signal from most contaminated surfaces
B- Only a tiny amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement
C- Heat and humidity do not affect detection of organic material
D- Common bacteria, such as E. coli, enable cloning of any DNA present
B- Only a tiny amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement
Which of the following are the weakest bonds in DNA? A- Sugar-phosphate B- Sugar-base C- They are all the same D- Base-base
D- Base-base
Which statement applies to haploid cells? A- Their chromosomes exist in pairs B- They contain no nucleus C- They are germ cells D- They always exist in pairs
C- They are germ cells
Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nucleus to make protein in the cytoplasm? A- Bonding of nucleotides B- Replication C- Translation D- Transcription
D- Transcription
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA in sample into several smaller pieces?
A- They bind at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites
B- They react with the sugar in the nucleotides and the DNA splits into these subunits
C- They work on the hydrogen bonding sites of the base pairs of the DNA double helix
D- They separate amino acid chains at the “stop” codons
A- They bind at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to: A- separate the DNA fragments B- isolate genes C- cut the DNA into fragments D- Clone the DNA fragments
D- Clone the DNA fragments
Which statement is FALSE regarding the collection and purification of DNA?
A- After purification, DNA is collected as a pellet in the bottom of centrifuge tube
B- Contents of broken cells, including protein and DNA, are released into a solution
C- DNA is purified through a series of steps of dissolution and centrifugation
D- Collecting DNA involves physically breaking open some cells
D- Collecting DNA involves physically breaking open some cells
When does replication occur in mammalian cells? A- When the egg and sperm unite B- When the cell needs extra energy C- During active protein synthesis D- Before the cells divide
D- Before the cells divide
The process of constructing the desired genetic code in a laboratory and inserting it into a zygote or embryo during development is called: A- Genetic engineering B- Inserting a mutation C- In vitro fertilization D- Breeding for traits
A- Genetic engineering
Which bases can pair together in DNA? A- Guanine-Guanine B- Guanine-Adenine C- Guanine-Cytosine D- Guanine-Thymine
C- Guanine-Cytosine
What best describes a mutation?
A- A permanent change in the appearance of an animal
B- The differences between fraternal twins
C- A change in the DNA sequence of an animal that was inherited
D- A permanent change in the DNA sequence in some or all of an animal’s cells
C- A permanent change int he DNA sequence in some or all of an animal’s cells
Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nuclear to make protein in the cytoplasm? A- Translation B- Replication C- Bonding of nucleotides D- Transcription
D- Transcription
Which organelle uses information contained in the mRNA to connect amino acids and form a protein? A- Lysosome B- Ribosome C- Mitochondria D- Vacuole
B- Ribosome
In which process does a eukaryotic cell nucleus split into two identical cells, followed by the division of the parent cell into two daughter cells? A- Mitosis B- Mutation C- Replication D- Meiosis
A- Mitosis
Cloning DNA is accomplished by either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by using: A- Western blotting technique B- Bacteria C- Specific antibodies D- Electrophoresis
B- Bacteria
In which process are germ cells produced? A- Mitosis B- Meiosis C- Mutation D- Replication
B- Meiosis