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Flashcards in Chapter 9: International Political Economy Deck (22)
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1
Q

Globalization

A

the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies with other countries

2
Q

mercantilism/economic realism

A

Relationship between economics and politics: politics decisive

  • Main actors/units of analysis: states
  • The nature of economic relations: conflictual, zero-sum game
  • Economic goals: state power

Relation with politics: focuses on building economic wealth

economic wealth = power

want to export than imports
high tariffs

Main actors: humans are aggressive, conflicted tendencies

Nature of economic relations: intl econ is conflicting; insecurity of anarchy breeds competition; state will defend itself

Economic goals: build economy as an instrument of state power

3
Q

Economic Liberalism

A

Adam Smith
Relationship between economics and politics: economics autonomous
Main actors/units of analysis: individuals
The nature of economic relations: cooperative, positive-sum game
Economic goals: maximum individual and social well-being

Relationship in politics: When individuals act rationally, markets are created to produce distribute and consume goods
Market works best when free gov. interference
No tariffs

Main actors: Acts rationally to maximize self interest

Nature of intl economic relations: international wealth is maximized with free exchange of goods and services, everyone wins

Goals: maximize international wealth with free exchange of goods and services

4
Q

Radicalism/Marxism

A

Relationship between economics and politics: economics decisive
Main actors/units of analysis: classes
The nature of economic relations: conflictual, zero-sum game
Economic goals: class interes

Relationship between politics: competition comes from owners of wealth and laborers
Group relations are conflicting and exploitive

Main actors: naturally cooperative as individuals
Conflictual in groups

Nature of econ intl relations: conflicting relationships because the expansion of capitalism

Goals:Seeks radical change for the economic system

STRATIFICATION IN INTL SYSTEM:

5
Q

World Bank

A

Designed to facilitate economic reconstruction after WW2

Loan funds to states for economic development projects such as infrastructure or debt

6
Q

IMF

A

International Monetary Fund
Provides short term loans to states needing temporary assistance

  • lender of last resort
  • sets terms to loan— conditions from washington consensus

Ex: if i loan to u then u have to raise taxes and deregulate trade

7
Q

GATT

A

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

Global trade agreements:

  • lowered barriers but goal is not complete liberalization
  • non-discrimination in trade — the most favored nation (MFN) principle
  • final round: uruguay round in 1986
  • final issues such as services (insurance) intellectual property rights(copyrights, trademarks) agriculture
8
Q

WTO

A

World trade organization

Formerly GATT

  • supports trade liberalization
  • 1946 to 1990 trade reduced from 40% - 5%
  • members treat equally on trade
  • WTO empowered to sanction those who break rules
  • members give preferential access in developed markets to products from developing countries
9
Q

GATT vs WTO

A

WTO has more members, 90% of the world

WTO can enforce provisions, authorize sanctions for violators, monitors compliance

GATT deals with trade in goods while WTO deals in trade in services and intellectual property as well

Dispute settlement less efficient with WTO and in GATT is more faster and automatic

10
Q

Comparative Advantage

A

David Ricardo

Is the ability of a country or a firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently

US and Canada (car and truck production)
- US can make more, and export to canada

Should specialize in one thing

11
Q

Economic Regionalization

A

necessary instrument of national economic planning by territory and is an important condition for improving the territorial organization of productive forces and economic management.

12
Q

International Trade

A

The exchange of goods or services along international borders

13
Q

Post WW2 Economic Institutions: The Bretton Woods System

A

The purpose of the Bretton Woods meeting was to set up a new system of rules, regulations, and procedures for the major economies of the world to ensure their economic stability. To do this, Bretton Woods established The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

Did not survive because the US were in a deficit

Dollars were no longer exchangeable for gold

14
Q

European Union: Single Market

A

Reduces tariffs to zero between members

and establishes common external tariff

Single Market: establishes a free flow of factors of production

labor capital and goods/services

economic union involves an agreement to economic policies

CRISIS: 17 members of the eurozone could no longer use exchange or interest rates

Greece joining EU for economic liberalization but they did not improve as they got worse and they may not be able to recover

15
Q

Eurozone

A

consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain

16
Q

ASEAN

AFTA

A

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEAN free trade area

GOALS

  1. attract foreign investment to the region
  2. taking advantage of economies scale
  3. increase competitive edge in global market by eliminating tariff and nontariff barriers
17
Q

NAFTA

A

North American Free Trade Agreement

one dominant economy (US) and two dependent states (Mexico and Canada – 1/10 of the US economy)

elimination of tariff and nontariff barriers

provisions of property rights, mexicos oil and US shipping industry

US lost their jobs to mexico, US relocating factories because less environmental concerns

all economic arrangements has winners and losers

18
Q

International Finance

A

is a section of financial economics that deals with the monetary interactions that occur between two or more countries.

19
Q

Multinational corporations

A

is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country which produces or sells goods or services in various countries.

20
Q

Foreign direct investment vs. portfolio investment

A

Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves establishing a direct business interest in a foreign country, such as buying or establishing a manufacturing business, while foreign portfolio investment (FPI) refers to investing in financial assets such as stocks or bonds in a foreign country.

21
Q

Globalization and its challenges

A
  1. shifting risk profile
  2. regulatory obstacles
  3. cultural difference
  4. job insecurity and lack of skills
  5. shortage of resources
22
Q

Washington Consensus vs. Beijing Consensus

A

BOTH TO PROMOTE GROWTH

Beijing Consensus: implies experimentation with policies that may be compatible with the states political structure and cultural experience

presents improvements to WC but fails to address the exploitation of chinese labor as a major factor to their growth

  1. there is no solution to fit every developing countries needs
  2. there are more factors of growth besides GDP
  3. in addition to helping build the country’s economic foundation, it is just as imperative to promote self-determination and independence

Washington Consensus:
Does not always align with the developing country’s cultural/politcal direction

CENTRALIZES GDP

  1. avoidance of large fiscal deficits
  2. redirecting spending
  3. tax reform
  4. market regulated interest rates, competitive exchange rates
  5. privatization of state enterprises
  6. deregulation
  7. liberalization of trade
  8. promotion of foreign direct investment
  9. legal security for property rights