Chapter 9: Intelligence Flashcards
Intelligence theorists (5)
- Francis Galton
- Lewis Terman
- Wechsler
- Sternberg
- Gardner
Galton’s belief (4)
- Advocates eugenics
- Develops tests of sensory abilities and reaction time
- Genetic determination of intelligence
- Measures intelligence by measuring various aspects of the human brain and nervous system
Eugenics
selective reproduction to enhance the capabilities of the human race
Alfred Binet (4)
- First reliable intelligence test: Binet - Simon test in 1905
- Disagrees with Galton, did not include sensory skills in the test
- Discovered a person’s mental age can predict future performance
- Discovered mental age concept
Lewis Terman (2)
- Discovered intelligence quotient (IQ) formula [Stanford - Binet formula]
IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
Wechsler (4)
- Develops another set of age based intelligence test
- Did not use Stanford - Binet formula, but used same scoring system
- Provided specific scores for different kinds of abilities
1. Verbal
2. Nonverbal - Introduces new tasks that measure different areas (memory, special skills, language)
Charles Spearman: General Intelligence (G-factor) (2)
General Intelligence (G-factor)
o Responsible for an individual’s’ overall performance on mental ability test
o General cognitive ability
Raymond Cattell: Fluid Intelligence (6)
- [street smart]
- Inherited ability to reason and think
- Neurophysiological base: dependent on the state of the brain and nervous system
- Minimal dependence on school learning or acculturation
- Inductive reasoning; problem solving
- Nature
Raymond Cattell: Crystallised Intelligence (5)
- [book smart]
[ accumulated knowledge and information accquired over a lifetime - Application of skills and knowledge to problem solving
- Education dependent
- Verbal and general knowledge
- Nurture
Relationship between fluid and crystallised intelligence (2)
- Fluid intelligence is before the uses of crystallised intelligence. It is the general ability to think abstractly, reason, solve problems. Tend to peak in adolescence and begins to decline around age 30-40.
- Crystallised intelligence is the abiltity to use skills, knowledge, and experience. Tend to peak later in life and continue to grow throughout adulthood
The IQ test evaluation (2)
Uses:
- Fairly good predictors of academic performance, as it is related to years of education completed
Limitations:
- one test cannot measure a person’s intelligence
DSM5 Intellectual Disability (3)
Impairments of general mental abilities that impact adaptive functioning and determine how well everyday tasks are coped with 3 domains
- Conceptual domain
- Social domain
- Practical domain
Intellectually gifted children (2)
- Any child who is naturally endowed with a high degree of general mental ability or extraordinary ability in a specific sphere of activity or knowledge
- Those who have an IQ of 130 or above
- Ex: be able to know the name of the date
Intelligence
Nature or nurtured? (3)
Twin studies:
- Identical and fraternal twins: similar in intelligence either apart or together -> proved intelligence is nature
Adoption studies
- Children are more similar to their biological parents in terms of intelligence -> proved intelligence is nature
Siblings studies:
- Sisters reared together: similar intelligence
- Sisters reared apart: different intelligence
- > environment influenced -> proved intelligence is nurtured
Sternberg’s Intelligence Triarchy (3)
Sternberg proppsed that success in life is related to 3 types of abilities
- Practical intelligence (street smart): expertise and talent that help to complete the tasks and manage the complex challenges of everyday life
—> research before buying a new car - Analytical intelligence (book smart): solving a well defined problem with a single answer
—> organize information & high score on standardized test - Creative intelligence (think on your feet): generating new ideas to help adapt to novel situations
—> a spy faces new challenges everyday
