what is an organization?
a group of ppl working together in structured and coordinated way to achieve goals
3 concepts important to process of management
authority, responsibility, accountability
efficiency vs effectiveness
doing things right vs. doing the right things
what are the three levels of an org?
technical, organizational, policy making
role of first line managers?
technical core responsible for day to day operational stuff
role of mid managers?
coordinate activities that implement policies of org and facilitate activities at technical lvl, and communication tween first line and top, function at org level
role of top managers?
execs that control org, develop vision, establish policies
inverted pyramid model is called:
TQM managerial levels (mngment base, employees, customers at top)
how are companies reacting to competitive and tech change?
create small org units, form cross-functioning teams, empower employees, reduce amount of org levels, emphsize vision and values, take advantage of internet
3 types of roles for manager (Mintzberg)
informational, interpersonal, decisional
what are the three interpersonal roles?
figurehead, leader, liason (relationships)
what are the three informational roles?
spokesperson, monitor, disseminator (communication)
what are the four decisional roles?
entrepeneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator
Katz’s three basic types of skills:
technical, human, conceptual
an ability that can be developed and manifested in performance
skill
what are the 5 management functions?
planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling
what is a policy?
general guide to organizational behaviour developed by top level mngmt
what is a procedure?
chronological sequence of activities
what is a method
details for one step of a procedure
Kast and Rosenzweig’s 4 dimensions of planning?
repetitiveness, time span, level of mngmt, flexibility
pros and cons of standing plan?
pro: uniformity of operations throughout system con: create resistance to change
what is operational planning?
short range, <1 year
long range planning encompasses a ____ year cycle
5
what is strategic planning?
continuous systematic process where ppl make decisions about intended future outcomes, how to be accomplished, and how measure/evaluate
what is a strategy?
pattern of purposes and policies defining company and its business
what are diffs between strategic and long range planning?
strategic rely on identifying and overcoming issues, while long range focus on specifying goals and objectives and translating into work programs; strategic focus more on internal and external enviro of org; strategic is more idealistic, strategic is more action oriented
what is organizing?
management fxn of grouping activities, delegating authority, coordinating relationships horizontally and vertically (org chart, labor divisions)
what is staffing?
mngmt fxn determining appropriate # of employees needed by org for work need be accomplished
staffing carried out mostly by __ dpt and responsibility for staffing lies with __ managers
personnel; line
steps in staffing:
human resources planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, development, performance appraisal, compensation
what are fringe benefits?
insurance programs, leave time, retirement
what is directing?
mngmt fxn of directing human resources for accomplishment of objectives
dimensions of directing?
morale, satisfaction, productivity, communication
what is controlling?
process of ensuring that plans are being followed
what is a standard?
definition of what is expected to happen
3 steps of controlling:
1) measure actual performance against desired performance 2) analyzing deviations between actual and desired and determine acceptability 3) taking action to correct unacceptable deviations
organization in which lines of authority which create order are established
traditional organization
traditional org is defined by the following:
org chart, job descriptions, position guides, differentiation/departmentalization, integration, delegation of authority, admin systems
in this type of organization, employers are challenged to improve quality of work life and develop corporate/org culture
innovative
innovative org characterized by these things:
sociability, empowered decision making, new bases of management power, personal consideration, team based with group recognition, self-fulfillment, flat hierarchy, emphasis on vision and values, managers as change agents , tech savvy
how work is organized by manager and how jobs are designed
quality of work life
process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts toward goal achievements in a given situation
leadership
what is corporate/org culture?
shared philosophies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes, and norms that knit an org together
positive cultures have these qualities in common:
integrity, bottom up, having fun, community involvement, emphasis on physical health
what is the caring culture checklist?
have a written mission statement that you remind employees of, have a hands on style of management, foster open relationships, empower, give incentives, recognize superior performance, give employees an ownership stake
what is the scalar principle?
indicates that clear and unbroken line of authority extends from bottom to top position in org
this structure is often used for special projects where experts from variety of department s pulled together to work with project manager on specified project
matrix
what is the parity principle?
amount of authority and accountability shhould be equal
what is span of control?
of people one person can supervise effectively
span of control determined by:
org policies, availability of staff experts, competence of staff, objective standards, nature of work, distribution of workforce
Graicunas definition of appropriate span (early theory):
5-6 subordinates
departments are commonly organized by:
function, product, geography, customer, process, equipment, or time
3 basic functions of most organizations:
production, sales, finance
this type of departmentalization is not common in FS except in large conglomerate orgs
product and service
these are similar to function departmentalization
process/equipment
a position in the direct chain of command
line position
a position intended to provide expertise, advice, and support for line pos.
staff position
Two times when staff have authority over employees:
1) in their own departments 2) over line in restricted areas of activity
degree to which managerial positions are concentrated in staff positions
administrative intensity
LIkert describes managers as:
linking pins
Carroll proposed that business org have four responsibilities:
economic (must do), legal (have to do), ethical (should do), discretionary (might do)
what is a parochial attitude?
inability to recognize diffs between ppl
what is geocentric attitude?
focuses on finding the best approach regardless of national origin
national cultures differ on nine dimensions:
assertiveness, future orientation, gender differentiation, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism/collectivism, in-group collectivism, performance orientation, humane orientation
economy in which supply and demand in marketplace drive what is produced
market economy (free market, capitalist)
economy in which a central planning agency determines what to produce, when to produce, who can produce, and in what quantities to produce
command economy (gov controlled)
a ___ market allows free trade among members but establishes trade policy with nonmembers
common
what is a quota?
a specified amount that can be produced
what is a subsidy?
gov. payments to domestic producers to make product more competitive in market
the art/science of influencing others or holding control
politics
main political techniques:
acquisition of favours that must be repaid, alliances, currying favour, constituency building, conviviality
6 characteristics of strategic thinking:
1) intent focused 2) comprehensive 3) opportunistic 4) long term oriented 5) builds on past and present 6) hypothesis driven
4 steps in strategic management?
environmental scan, strategy formation, strategy implementation, evaluations and control
3 bases for strategies:
cost leadership, differentiation, focus
what is the five forces framework?
new entry, rivalry, substitutes, suppliers, buyers