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Evolution > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

the proportion of gene copies in a population that are a given allele: probability of finding the allele when a gene is taken randomly from the population.

A

allele frequency

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2
Q

of a population or species, occupying a geographic region different and separated from that of another population or species

A

allopatric

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3
Q

one of several forms of an enzyme encoded by different alleles at a locus

A

allozyme

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4
Q

selection by humans of a deliberately chosen trait or combination of traits in a (usually captive) population;survival and reproduction is the trait chosen, rather than fitness as determined by the entire group

A

artificial selection

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5
Q

gradual change in an allele frequency or in the mean of a character over a geographical transect

A

cline

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6
Q

place in which (usually conspecific) organisms, perhaps from different geographic populations, are reared together, enabling the investigator to ascribe variation among them to genetic rather than environmental differences

A

common garden

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7
Q

genetically determined phenotype of a species that is found as a local variant associated with certain ecological conditions

A

ecotype

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8
Q

method of separating genetically different forms of a protein, once an important way way to detect variation in the encoding gene

A

electrophoresis

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9
Q

variation among individuals in a phenotypic trait that is caused by variation in the environment rather than by genetics

A

environmental variance

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10
Q

Inherited changed in gene expression or phenotype that are not based on changes in DNA sequence

A

epigentic inheritance

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11
Q

refers to one of the representatives of particular gene in an individual or cell

A

gene copy

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12
Q

incorporation of genes into the gene pool of one population from one or more other populations

A

gene flow

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13
Q

random changes in the frequencies of two or more alleles or genotypes within population

A

genetic drift

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14
Q

variation a trait within population, as measured by the variance that is due to genetic differences among individuals

A

genetic variation

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15
Q

set if genes possessed by an individual organism; its genetic composition at a specific locus or set of loci singled out for discussion

A

genotype

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16
Q

phenotypic variation arising from the difference in the effect of the environment on the expression of different genotype

A

genotype x Environmental interactions

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17
Q

proportion of individual in a population that carry a specific genotype at one more more loci

A

genotype frequencies

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18
Q

variation among spatially distributed population of a species

A

geographic variation

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19
Q

pertaining to the genotype frequencies expected at a locus under ideal equilibrium conditions in a randomly mating population

A

Hardy-Weinberg equilibruim

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20
Q

proportion of the variance in a trait among individuals that is attributable to differences in genotype

A

heritablity

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21
Q

proportion of a loci at which a randomly chosen individual is heterozygous, on average

A

heterozygosity

22
Q

individual organism that possesses different alleles at a locus

A

heretozygous

23
Q

individual organism that has the same allele at each of its copies of a genetic locus

A

homozygous

24
Q

individual formed by mating between unlike forms, usually genetically differentiated populations or species

A

hybrid zone

25
Q

of two or more gene copies, being derived from a single gene copy in a specified common ancestor of the organism that carry the copies

A

identical by descent

26
Q

mating between relatives that occur more frequently than if mates were chosen at random from a population

A

inbreeding

27
Q

probability that a random pair of gene copies, inherited offspring from two parents, is identical by descent

A

inbreeding coefficent

28
Q

reduction, in inbred individuals, of the mean value of a character

A

inbreeding depression

29
Q

model of population structure in which the likelihood of mating decreases with the geographic distance between individuals, so that local mating causes geographic variation in allele frequencies

A

isolation by distance

30
Q

allele that causes virtually complete mortality, usually early in development

A

lethal allele

31
Q

occurrence of two loci on the same chromosome: the loci are functionally linked only if they are so close together that they do no segregate independently in meiosis

A

linkage

32
Q

association of two alleles at two or more loci at frequency predicted by their individual frequencues

A

linkage equilibrium

33
Q

association of two alleles at two or more loci more (less) frequently than predicted by their individual frequencies

A

linkage diequilibrium

34
Q

non-genetic effect of mother on the phenotype if her offspring, stemming from factors such as cytoplasmic inheritance, transmission of symbionts from mother to offspring, or nutritional conditions

A

maternal effect

35
Q

refers to directed large-scale movements of organisms that do not necessarily results in gene flow

A

migration

36
Q

having one form; refers to population in which virtually all individuals have the same genotype at a locus

A

monmorphism

37
Q

set of phenotypic expression of a genotype under different environmental conditions

A

norm of reaction

38
Q

bell-shaped frequency distribution of a variable; the expected distribution in many factors with independent, small effects determine the value of variable; basis for many statistical formaulation

A

normal distribution

39
Q

When mating is random

A

panmictic

40
Q

of two species or populations, having contiguous but non-overlapping geographic distrubtion

A

parapatric

41
Q

morphological, physiological, biochemical, behavior, and other properties of an organism manifested throughout its life; or any subset of such properties, especially those affected by a particular allele or other portion of the genotype

A

phenotype

42
Q

capacity of an organism to develope any of several phenotypic states, depending on the environment; usually this capacity is assumed to be adaptive

A

phenotypic plasticity

43
Q

character whose variation is based wholly or in part on allele variation at more than a few loci

A

polygenic

44
Q

existence within a population of two or more genotypes, the rarest of which exceeds some arbitrarily low frequency; more rarely, the existence of phenotypic variation within a population, whether or not genetically based

A

polymorphism

45
Q

phenotypic character that varies continuously rather than as discretely different character states

A

quantitative variation

46
Q

union of female and male gametes produced by the same genetic individual

A

self-fertilization

47
Q

variation in the identity of a nucleotide base pair at a single position in a DNA sequence, within or among population of a species

A

single nucleotide polymorphism

48
Q

square root of the variance

A

standard deviation

49
Q

named geographic race; a set of populations of a species that share one or more distinctive features and occupy a different geographic area from other sunspecies

A

subspecies

50
Q

of two species or populations, occupying the same geographic locality so that the opportunity to interbreed is presented

A

sympatric

51
Q

avg. squared deviation of an observation from the arithmetic mean

A

variance

Evolution (18 decks)

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