Chapter 8: Cognitive Theory & Therapy Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 8: Cognitive Theory & Therapy Deck (52)
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1
Q

Michael Mahoney

A

Known for a technique called mirror time or streaming; free association while looking at himself in the mirror; founded Cognitive Therapy and research

2
Q

Forms of Cognitive Theory and Therapy

A

Rational-Semantic Cognitive Therapies
Collaborative-Empirical Cognitive Therapies
Philosophical-Constructivist Cognitive Therapies

3
Q

Albert Ellis

A

Credited with the discovery and promotion of modern rational approaches to therapy; formulated his apporach after progressively discovering in his psychotherapy practice that traditional psychoanalysis was ineffectual

4
Q

Components of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

A

People dogmatically adhere to irrational ideas and personal philosophies
These irrational ideas cause people great distress and misery
These ideas can be boiled down to a few basic categories
Therapists can find these irrational categories rather easily in their clients’ reasoning
Therapists can successfully teach clients how to give up their misery-causing irrational beliefs

5
Q

Epictetus

A

First cognitive behavior therapist. born a slave in Phrygia; eventually influenced Marcus Aurelius as a Philosopher

6
Q

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

A

Encourages therapists to objectively examine clients’ thoughts and accurately judge those thoughts as rational or irrational; constructivist theory of therapy; encourages therapists to actively identify and label thoughts that cause clients distress and misery as irrational thoughts

7
Q

Aaron Beck

A

His approach to therapy became known as Cognitive Therapy

8
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Psychological problems can be mastered by sharpening discriminations, correcting misconceptions and learning more adaptive attitudes. Since introspection, insight, reality testing, and learning are basically cognitive processes, this approach to neuroses has been labeled cognitive therapy

9
Q

Collaborative Empiricism

A

Therapist works with clients to help them discover for themselves the maladaptive nature of their automatic thoughts

10
Q

Difference Between Ellis and Beck’s Therapy Styles

A

Ellis emphasizes the forceful eradication of irrational thoughts while Beck emphasizes the collaborative modification of maladaptive thoughts

11
Q

Donald Meichenbaum

A

Discovered that schizophrenics and children couldimproe their functioning after being taught to talk to themselves or to think aloud; focused on Self-Instructional Learning

12
Q

Self-Instructional Training

A

A form of cognitive behavior modification; a sequence of mediating processes involving theinteraction of inner speech, cognitive structures, and behaviors and their resultant outcomes

13
Q

Stress Inoculation Training

A

Developed by Meichenbaum, specific approach for helping clients more effectively manage difficult stressors.

14
Q

Philosophical-Constructivism

A

Founded on the premise that humans actively construct their own reality

15
Q

Essence of Cognitive Theory

A

People are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them

16
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory; the individual organism’s processing of environmental stimuli is the driving force determining his or her specific response. S-O-R Theory, the O represents the brain or processing system of the individual

17
Q

S-O-R Theory

A

Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory; there is a conscious thought between an external event and a particular emotional response

18
Q

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Theory

A

Views humans as neither inherently good nor inherently bad; humans have the potential for thinking both rationally or irrationally

19
Q

A-B-C Model

A
A = Activating Event that has occured in the individual's life
B = the individual's belief about the activating event
C = consequent emotion and behavior derived from the individual's belief
20
Q

Main Thrust of REBT

A

To demonstrate that current beliefs are irrational; to help substitute a rational belief for a current irrational belief, which will result in morepositive and more comfortable consequent feelings; D=disputing the irrational belief, E=effect on the client; F=client experiences a new feeling

21
Q

REBT Psychopathology

A

Direct function of irrational beliefs, consistent with Horney’s Tyranny of the Shoulds; the core of human disturbance is musterbation, absolutistic thinking or dogma

22
Q

Basic Irrational Beliefs

A

I must do well and be approved by significant others
You other humans with whom I relate must, ought, and should treate me considerately and fairly
Conditions under which I live must be arranged so that i can easily and immediately (with no real effort, have a free lunch), get what I command.

23
Q

Similarities between Beck’s Cognitive Therapy and Ellis’ REBT

A

Cognition is at the core of human suffering

The therapist’s job is to help clients modify distress-producing thoughts

24
Q

Beck’s Teory of Personality and Psychotherapy

A

In the process of living, individuals are exposed to a variety of specific life events or situations, some of which trigger automatic, maladaptive thoughts.
These maladaptive thoughts are characterized by their faultiness; they are too narrow, to broad, too extreme, or simply inaccurate.
An individual’s maladaptive thoughts are usually derived from deeply held maladaptive core beliefs (schemas/dysfunctional attitudes)
Individuals generally acquire these core beliefs during childhood
These automatic thoughts, core eliefs, and their associated emotional disturbances can be modiefied via cognitive therapy - a procedure that does not require exploration of a client’s past

25
Q

Socratic Questioning

A

Asking questions that help client focus on
Awareness of automatic thoughts and core beliefs
Evaluation of the usefulness and accuracy of automatic thoughts and core beliefs
Possible strategies for modifying automatic thoughts and core beliefs

26
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

Faulty assumptions and misconceptions; triggered by external events produce automatic thoughts, which are often linked to underlying core beliefs or schemas

27
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Triad which Characterize Depressive Conditions

A

Negative evaluation of self “I am unworthy”
Negative evaluation of the world or specific events “Everything is just more evidence that the world is falling apart”
Negative evaluation of the future “Nothing will ever get better”

28
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Distortions in Cognitive Therapy

A
Arbitrary Inference
Selective Abstraction
Personalization
Dichotomous/Polarized Thinking
Labeling and Mislabeling
Magnification and Minimization
Overgeneralization
29
Q

Arbitrary Inference

A

Jumping to conclusions; similar to Ellis’ catastrophizing. clients conclude without any supporting or relevant evidence that the worst possible outcome will happen

30
Q

Selective Abstraction

A

Most relevant information about a situation is ignored while one minor detail provides the basis for a negative conclusion

31
Q

Personalization/Self-Referencing

A

Taking everything personally;

32
Q

Dichotomous/Polarized Thinking

A

Common among clients with borderline or narcissistic personality traits; viewing people and situations as black or white, good or bad

33
Q

Labeling and Mislabeling

A

Hanging on to inaccurate or maladaptive labels, despite their lack of utility; can have maladaptive features; overly positive and inappropriate level

34
Q

Magnification and Minimization

A

Also referred to as Overestimation and underestimation; when a client makes a mountain out of a molehill and vice versa

35
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Occurs when an individual generalizes and comes to a strong conclusion on the basis of a single or small number of incidents, the conclusion may be unwarranted

36
Q

Treatment phases of Stress Incoluation Training Procedures

A

Conceptualization
Skills acquisition and Rehearsal
Application and Follow-through

37
Q

Conceptualization

A

Includes the development of a collaborative relationship, the use of socratic questioning to educate clients about the nature and impact of stress, and conceptualization of stressful situations as “problems-to-be-solved”

38
Q

Skills acquisition and rehearsal

A

Specific coping skills are taught and practiced in the office setting and eventually in vivo; examples include relaxation training, self-instructional training, emotional self-regulation, and communication skills training

39
Q

Application and follow-through

A

Clients apply their newly acquired coping skills to increasingly challenging stressors. RElapse prevention strategies, attribution procedures, and booster sessions are built into this final phase of the stress inoculation training model

40
Q

Assessment Issues and Procedures of Cognitive Theory and Therapy

A

Collaborative Interviewing
Self-Rating Scales
Cognitive Self-Monitoring

41
Q

Collaborative Interviewing

A

The patient and the therapist work together to make a Problem List, propose some core beliefs, set goals for treatment, choose interventions, and monitor progress

42
Q

Questions to ask during Collaborative Interviewing

A

What was going though your mind just before you started to feel this way?
What does this say about you?
What does this mean about you…your life..your future?
What are you afraid might happen?
What is the worst thing that could happen if this were true?
What does this mean about the other person (s) or people in general?
Do you have images or memories in this situation? If so, what are they?

43
Q

Self-Rating Scales

A

Beck Depression Inventory

44
Q

Cognitive Self-Monitoring

A

Using Thought Records

45
Q

Thought Records

A

Date and time of emotional response
Situation that elicited the emotional response
The behaviors the client engaged in
Emotions that were elicited
Associated thoughts that occured during the situation
Any other related responses

46
Q

Specific Cognitive Therapy Techniques

A
Generating Alternative Interpretations
Vigorous and Forceful Disputing
Thinking in Shades of Grey
Exploring the Consequences of Giving up the "Should" Rule
Other Therapy Techniques
47
Q

Generating Alternative Interpretations

A

Useful technique with clients who hold onto maladaptive or irrational automatic thoughts despite the fact that other, more reasonable, interpretations or explanations exist

48
Q

Misattribution of Hostility

A

Quickly and Incorrectly interpreting the behavior of others as hostile

49
Q

Vigorous and Forceful Disputing

A

Repeated practice at more and more forceful cognitive disputing procedures

50
Q

Thinking in Shades of Grey

A

Involves taking a client’s automatic thoughts, assmptions, or conclusions about a specific performance and placing them on a concrete, measurable scale

51
Q

Exploring the Consequences of Giving up the “Should” Rule

A

Variation of response prevention; verbalizing the client’s should rule to predict what would happen if the should was not followed, to carry out an experiment to test theprediction, and to revise his should rule according to the outcome of the experiment

52
Q

Validated Therapies with Cognitive Emphasis

A

Cognitive-Behavior therapy for Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Stress Inoculation training for coping with stressors
Cognitive therapy for depression
Cognitive-behavior therapy for Bulimia Nervosa
Multicomponent Cognitive Behavior Therapy for pain associated with rheumatic disease
Multicomponent cognitive behavior therapy with relapse prevention for smoking cessation