Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral reasoning
A
- pre-conventional
- conventional
- post-conventional
2
Q
pre-conventional level
A
- stage 1-2
- have not yet internalized social norms; rely on external sources like adults, police, etc.
3
Q
conventional level
A
- stage 3-4
- accepted and internalized social norms/rules for what is right and wrong
4
Q
post-conventional level
A
- stage 5-6
- questions and rejects some social norms, uses self-chosen principles that benefit most people, not necessarily them
5
Q
stage 1
A
- moral reasoning is based on what is or is not punished (consequences)
- most kids are here (or stage 2)
6
Q
stage 2
A
- moral reasoning based on whether following rules is in one’s best interest (hedonistic stage -> what benefits or inconveniences me?)
- most kids are here (or stage 1)
7
Q
stage 3
A
- moral rules based on rules held by family members, peers, teachers, etc. (people in your local environment)
- most teens are here
8
Q
stage 4
A
- moral rules are based on laws
- most adults are here
- typically highest level found in agricultural societies
9
Q
stage 5
A
- moral rules reflect general principles that are in humanity’s best interest (self-chosen, but on basis of greater good for all, not hedonistic)
- rare, but can be found in well-educated adults
- typically highest level found in urban societies
10
Q
stage 6
A
- realize that moral decisions typically involve a conflict between 2 general principles and that they must prioritize one principle over another (ie. spanking laws -> clash between parent’s rights and children’s rights)
- rare, but can be found in well-educated adults
11
Q
subjective self in infancy
A
- awareness that you are active and separate from caregiver
- fully acquired at 8 months
- learned from everyday interactions with objects -> learn that they can have an effect on something
12
Q
subjective self in middle childhood
A
- 2 new aspects of self-concept emerge:
- 1) psychological self: awareness of unobservable/internal properties of self (ex. personality)
- 2) valued self: ability to judge/evaluate the self (ex. self-esteem)
13
Q
2 aspects of the valued self
A
- discrepancy between desired and actual goals/accomplishments
- level of perceived support from others (encouragement)
14
Q
objective self in infancy
A
- aka: categorical self
- awareness of physical properties of the self
- infant has objective self if they touch their own nose during the mirror test (rather than touching the mirror -> believes it’s another baby)
- other evidence of objective self: referring to themselves, using pronouns to describe themselves
15
Q
objective self in early childhood
A
- at 2-2 1/2, kids can label their own gender/sex
- at 2 1/2-3, kids can label another’s sex/gender
