Chapter 8

Question 1

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 1

Focusing on the meaning of info or relating it to other things you already know. (Locker combos w hockey numbers)

Question 2

What is visuospatial memorization

Answer 2

Allows us to temporarily store and manipulate images and spatial info, as when forming mental maps of a route to some place

Question 3

The “Central Executive”

Answer 3

Is a control process that directs the action. It decides how much attention to allocate to mental imagery and auditory rehearsal

Question 4

Serial Position Effect

Answer 4

A u-shaped pattern, meaning that recall is influenced by a word’s position in a series of items.

Primacy Effect (First word)

Recency Effect (Last word)

Question 5

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 5

This occurs when you look up a phone number and you keep saying it to yourself

Question 6

Structural Encoding

Answer 6

You have to notice how the world looks

Question 7

Phonelogical Encoding

Answer 7

Sound of the word

Question 8

Levels of Processing

Answer 8

The more deeply we process info, the better it will be remembered.

Semantic encoding involves the deepest processing because it requires us to be focused on the MEANING of info

When studying factual info for a class, we need to study effortfull deep processing.

Question 9

Matintenance Rehearsal

Answer 9

Saying a phone number over and over again

Question 10

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 10

Focuses on the meaning of info

Question 11

Mnemonics

Answer 11

The art of imrpoving memory

Heirarchies and chinking represent two types of mnemonic devices

Question 12

Dual Coding Theory

Answer 12

encoding info using both codes enhances memory (verbal codes and non-verbal codes)

The odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall

Question 13

Method of Loci

Answer 13

The ancient greek well known imagery technique

Imaging walking through your house etc

Question 14

Schemas

Answer 14

Mental framework

An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as class of people.

We form schemas through experience and they can strongly influence the way we encode material in memory

Acquiring expert knowledge can be viewed as process of developing schemas (mental framework) that help to encode info into meaningful patterns

Question 15

Associative Network

Answer 15

A massive network of associated ideas and concepts.

Items within the same category (types of flowers, fruits, colours) generally have the strongest associations and therefore tend to be clustered closer together

PRIMING: activation of one concept ex. Fire engine primes the node for RED

Memory stores info in an associative network

Question 16

Neural Networks

Answer 16

A neural network of notes are linked to one another, but these nodes are physical in nature and do not contain individual units of info

No single node for RED, instead each node is more like a small info processing unit

Node is what inputs and sends inputs to other neurons.

The info is stored in the NEURAL NETWORK

Neural networks are called PARALLEL DISTRBUTED PROCESSING MODELS (PDP)

Question 17

Declarative and Procedural Memory

Answer 17

DECLARATIVE
Involves factual knowledge and includes two subs

1. Episodic Memory (factual knowledge concerning personal experiences ex. Pizza we ate last night
2. Semantic Memory (General factual knowledge about the world and language) ex. mount everest is the tallest mountain

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

reflected in skills and actions

can include classically conditioned responses

Question 18

Explicit and Implicit Memory

Answer 18

EXPLICIT (Involves conscious or intentional memory retrieval)
ex. Trying to recognize something or recall something

IMPLICIT (Occurs when memory influences our behaviour without conscious awareness)

Question 19

Retrieval cue

Answer 19

Any stimulus, whether internal or external, that stimulates the activation of information stored in long-term memory.

ex. If someone asks if you seen Sally, SALLY is the retrieval cue

PRIMING is a good example of how a retrieval cue can trigger associative elements

Having multiple, self-generated retrieval cues was the most effective approach to maximizing recall.

Generating our own associations involves deeper, more elaborative rehearsals than does being presented w associations generated by someone else.

Question 20

Serial Positions Effect

Answer 20

Words in the middle of the list usally are recalled less

Question 21

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 21

recollections that seem so vivid, clear, that we can picture them as if they were a snapshot of moment in time.

Question 22

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 22

states that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding

Question 23

Context Dependent Memory

Answer 23

Typically easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was acquired

If you study in a loud environment, take the test in a loud environment

If you drink coffee while studying, then do so for the test too

Question 24

State Dependent Memory

Answer 24

Proposes that our ability to retrieve info is greater when our internal state at the time retrieval matches our original state of learning

The jogger who got raped. The arousal from jogging and the environment triggered the memory

Mood-Congruent Recall: tend to recall mor info or events that are congruent with our current mood

Question 25

Encoding Failure

Answer 25

Many memory failures were from encoding failures to encode memory into long term memory (Forgetting to put the book on the shelf)

Question 26

Decay Theory

Answer 26

Which proposed that with time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away.

Question 27

Interference Theory

Answer 27

We forget info because other items in long term memory impair our ability to retrieve it

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF INTERFERENCE

1. Proactive Interference (Occurs when material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material) ex. when Charles gets a new number, he tries to recall it but keeps remembering his old number
2. RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE: occurs in the opposite direction. Newly acquired info interferes w the ability to recall older info

Some believe that interference is caused by competition among retrieval cues.

Question 28

Motivated Forgetting

Answer 28

Psychodynamic theorist suggest that REPRESSION (may protect us by blocking the recall of anxiety arousing memories) explain another reason for forgetting

Question 29

Dementia

Answer 29

Refers to impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning.

ALZHEIMERS (Brain disorder that occurs mostly for adults over 65, and the symptoms worsen gradually over a period of years)

AZ spreads across the temporal lobes and to the frontal lobes and other cortical regions

Plaque are clumps of protein fragments that build up on the outside of of neurons

Question 30

Infantile (Childhood) Amnesia

Answer 30

An inability to remember personal experiences from the first years of our lives.

What causes this?

Brain regions that encode long term episodic memories are still immature in the first years after birth.

And we do not encode our earliest experiences deeply and fail to form rich retrieval cues for them because infants lack a clear self-concept, and do not have a personal frame of reference around which to organize rich memories

Question 31

Prospective Memory

Answer 31

In contrast to RETROSPECTIVE MEMORY (memory for past events) prospective memory concerns remembering to perform an activity in the future

Question 32

Misinformation Effect

Answer 32

The distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information, has been demonstrated in numerous studies.

Question 33

Source Confusion

Answer 33

Misinformation effects also occur because of SOURCE CONFUSION, our tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar, but to forget where we encountered it.

Question 34

Declarative Memory

Answer 34

The hippocampus and its adjacent tissue help to encode and retrieve long-term declarative memories.

Question 35

Memory Consolidation

Answer 35

The hypothetical and gradual binding process

A memory for a personal expereince is consolidated, its various components appear to be stored across wide areas of the cortex

Although we have focused on the frontal lobes and hippocampus, memory formation also depends on other brain areas

Damage to the thalamus (brains major sensory relay station) can impair both the encoding of new memories.

Question 36

Procedural Memories

Answer 36

The cerebellum plays an important role in forming procedural memories (HM who did not damage his cerebellum, was able to do procedural stuff)

Question 37

Long term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 37

The enduring increase in synaptic stregth

Studied most extensively in regins of the hippocampus where neurons send and receive messages using glutamate