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Neuroscience 101 > Chapter 7 - The structure of the nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The structure of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by anterior?

A

The direction pointin towards the nose.

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2
Q

Rostral?

A

The direction pointing towards the tail.

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3
Q

Posterior or caudal?

A

The direction pointing up

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4
Q

Ventral?

A

The direction pointing down.

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5
Q

What is the midline?

A

The invisible line running down the middle of the nervous systms.

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6
Q

Medial?

A

Structures close to the midline.

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7
Q

Lateral?

A

Structures far away from the midline.

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8
Q

Ipsilateral?

A

On the same side of the midline.

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9
Q

Contralateral?

A

On opposite sides of the midline.

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10
Q

Coronal plane?

A

A section splitting the brain into front and back.

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11
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The rostral-most part of the brain. It is split down the middle.

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12
Q

Rostral hemispeheres

A

The two parts of the rostral part of the brain.

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13
Q

Cerebellum?

A

Lying behind the cerebrum. Near the neck

It is primarily a movement control center.

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14
Q

The brain stem?

A

In the very middle of the brain. Most vital functions such as breathing, consciousness and the control of body temperature.

Damage to the brain stem usually leads to death.

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15
Q

Spinal cord?

A

Encased in the body vertebral column. The spinal cord gathers information from the skin, joints and muscles.

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16
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All parts of the nervous system apart from the brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

Somatic PNS

A

All the spinal nerves that innervate the skin, the joints and the muscles that are under voluntary control.

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18
Q

The visceral PNS

A

The involuntary , vegetative or autonomic nervous system. Consists of neurons that innervate the internal organs., blood vessels and glands.

19
Q

Afferent axons

A

Axons transporting information to the nervous system.

20
Q

Efferent axons

A

Axons transporting information from the nervous system.

21
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves that innervate the head.

22
Q

The ventricular system

A

The fluid filled canals and caverns inside the brain.

23
Q

Gray matter

A

A generic term for a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS. When freshly dissected brain is cut open, neurons appear gray.

24
Q

Cortex

A

Any collection of neurons that form a thin sheet. Usually at the brain’s surface. Cortex is Latin for “bark”. example: cerebral cortex, the sheet of neurons found just under the surface of the cerebrum.

25
Q

Nucleus

A

A clearly distinguishable mass of neurons, usually deep in the brain (not to be confused with the nucleus of a cell). Nucleus is from the Latin word for “nut”. Example: lateral genculate nucleus, a cell group in the brain stem that relays information from the eye to the cerebral cortex.

26
Q

Substantia

A

A group of related neurons deep within the brain, but usually with less distinct borders than those of nuclei. Example: substantia nigra (from the latin word “black substance”), a brain stem cell group involved in the control of voluntary movement.

27
Q

Locus

A

A small, well-defined group of cells. Example: locus coeruleus (Latin for “blue spot”), a brain stem cell group involved in the control of voluntary movement.

28
Q

Ganglion

A

A collection of neurons in the PNS. Ganglion is from the Greek for “knot”. Example: the dorsal root ganglia, which contain the cells of sensory axons entering the spinal cord via the dorsal roots. Only one cell group in the CNS goes by this name: the basal ganglia, which are structures lying deep within the cerebrum that control movement.

29
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS. Only one collection of the CNS axons is called a nerve: the optic nerve.

30
Q

White matter

A

A generic term for a colelction of CNS axons. When a freshly dissected brain is cut open, axons appear white.

31
Q

Tract

A

a collection of CNS axons having a common site of origin and a common destination. Example: Corticospinal tract, which originates in the cerebral cortex and ends in the spinal cord.

32
Q

Bundle

A

A collection of axons that run together but do not necessarily have the same origin and destination. Example: medial forebrain bundle, which connects cells scattered within the crebrum and brain stem.

33
Q

Capsule

A

A collection of axons that connect the cerebrum with the brain stem. Example: interanl capsule, which connects the brain stem with the cerebral cortex.

34
Q

Commisure

A

Any collection of axons that connect one side of the brain with the other side.

35
Q

Lemniscus

A

A tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon. Example: medial lemniscus, which brings touch information from the spinal cord through the brain stem.

36
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which structures become more complex and functionally specialized during development.

37
Q

What is the role of the forebrain?

A

It is the seat of perceptions, conscious awareness, cognition and voluntary action.

38
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

A

Receives information from perceptions of the outside world and commands voluntary movements. Part of the forebrain.

39
Q

What is the role of the midbrain?

A

Contains neurons that contribute to sensory systems, the control of movement and several other functions.

40
Q

What are sucli?

A

Grooves on the surface of the cerebrum.

41
Q

What are gyri?

A

Bumps on the surface of the cerebrum.

42
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

On the sides of the cerebrum.

43
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

On the back of the cerebrum.

44
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located?

A

On the top-back of the cerebrum above the occipital lobe.

Neuroscience 101 (12 decks)

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