Chapter 7 Patterns Of Subsistence Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 7 Patterns Of Subsistence Deck (22)
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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

functioning system that is comprised of both the natural environment and the organisms that inhabit it.

2
Q

Progress

A

the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their development toward perfection.

3
Q

3 Modes of Subsistence

A

Food Foraging Societies (nomadic, occupy marginal env. small size of local groups)

Food Producing Societies

Industrialized Societies

4
Q

Do food foraging societies have an egalitarian or a caste system?

A

Egalitarian - they have few possessions and share what they have.

5
Q

The Neolithic Era is also known as what?

This time period marks the emergence of a transition to food producing. (STONE TOOLS)

A

The New Stone Age

neo (new) lithic (stone)

6
Q

When did the Neolithic Era begin?

A

the prehistoric period beginning about 10,000 years ago

7
Q

What sort of technologies and foods were available during the Neolithic Era?

A

Stone-based technologies

Domesticated plants and/or animals

8
Q

What sort of transition did the Neolithic Era mark?

A

The transition to food-PRODUCING.

9
Q

What are the three main forms of food producing subsistence patterns?

A

Horticulture
Agriculture
Pastoralism

10
Q

Horticulture is:

A

The cultivation of crops using simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

11
Q

Slash-and-burn cultivation:

A

An extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes

12
Q

How is agriculture defined and what types of technology does it use (what DOESN’T IT USE?)

A

cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production.

Uses technologies other than hand tools, such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals.

13
Q

Characteristics of food producing societies? How and where do they live?

A

they live together, near their fields in fixed settlements.

14
Q

Pastoralism or animal husbandry is defined as:

Do they stay put or do they wander?

How are they similar to food foragers?

A

raising & maintaining herds of domesticated animals.

usually nomadic

they are similar to food foragers in that they need to find fresh resources for themselves as well as their herds.

15
Q

Intensive Agriculture - the growth of agriculture leads to

A

farming communities grow from small villages into cities w/ centers for market exchange.

16
Q

Centers of Market Exchange allow for people to

A

engage in other activities (ie blacksmiths, carpenters, sculptors, basket makers, stonecutters) which eventually leads to urbanization.

17
Q

As culture becomes more complex urban dwellers begin to rely on_____

A

farmers for their food supply

18
Q

Reliance on farmers for food leads urban dwellers to realize the need to: which leads to what change?

A

seek control over rural areas. Farmers eventually turn into peasants.

19
Q

Industrial Food Production begins with what invention?

A

The Steam Engine (200 years ago in England)

20
Q

What led to technologies that utilize oil, electricity, and nuclear energy?

A

Industrial Food Production

21
Q

Carrying capacity

A

of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques

24
Q

Food foragers tend to live in what type of marginal environments?

Are they large or small?

A

Marginal (desert, arctic, tropical).

Small size of local groups (less that 100 members)