Chapter 7 - Human Memory Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 7 - Human Memory Deck (34)
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1
Q

What are the 3 memory system?

A

Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

2
Q

What is sensory memory; encoding?

A

-a brief imprint of what you have just experienced
-Registers an exact copy of what’s seen or heard
HUGE capacity, but not all that useful form remembering because it is BRIEF

3
Q

What is short term memory?

A

a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed material for up to 20 seconds

4
Q

What is the “magical number” of how many separate entities you can remember?

A

7 (+/- 2)

5
Q

What is chunking?

A

when you group information together to increase your functional capacity of remembering

6
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

repetition to keep memory alive

7
Q

What are the 3 levels of encoding?

A

Structural encoding
Phonemic encoding
Semantic encoding

8
Q

What is structural encoding?

A

Encoding by what it LOOKS like

doesn’t stick around long

9
Q

What is phonemic encoding?

A

Encoding by the way it SOUNDS

(takes a little longer to process so typically you remember it a bit longer)

10
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Encoding by the meaning; takes more processing thus you remember it easiest

11
Q

What is elaboration?

A

Making a connection with what you already know in order to encode

12
Q

What is visual imagery?

A

When you create a mental image or visualize what you are trying to encode

13
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Long term memory is an unlimited capacity stare that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

14
Q

If long term memory is permanent than why do we sometimes have trouble remembering it?

A

We have the memory but can’r retrieve it

15
Q

What are 2 types of retrieval cues?

A

Descriptive cues

Context cues

16
Q

What are distinctive cues?

A

distinctive cures are flashbulb memories (an event that you can remember like a picture)

17
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

an event that you can remember like a picture; example the black out, or september 11.

18
Q

What are context cues?

A

cues within context (it is easier to remember something if you are in the same context that you encoded it in)

19
Q

Context cues can either be ______ ______ or ________ ____

A

external location

internal state

20
Q

How accurate is long term memory?

A

memory is a reconstructive process so sometimes we fill in the gaps with the wrong information

21
Q

Define schemas.

A

Knowledge of things, places, or events based on experience
Help us in unfamiliar situations, but can distort or change our memories
We remember seeing what we expect to see

22
Q

What is the misinformation effect by Elizabeth Loftus?

A

The misinformation effect happens when our recall of episodic memories (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual knowledge) becomes less accurate because of post-event information

23
Q

What is source monitoring?

A

A source monitoring error is a type of memory error where a specific recollected experience is incorrectly determined to be the source of a memory

24
Q

What are the 5 reasons for forgetting?

A
  • encoding prolems
  • decay theory
  • interference
  • retrieval failure
  • emotion
25
Q

What occurs when there is an encoding problem?

A

could be an issue of attention, could be that you encoded the info but you didn’t rehearse it so it disappears; could be that you encoded it superficially

26
Q

What is decay theory?

A

Memories fade with time (happens naturally)

NOT FOR LONG TERM MEMORY

27
Q

What occurs when there is interference?

A

other material in long term memory interferes with remembering

28
Q

What are the 2 types of interference?

A

retroactive interference

proactive interference

29
Q

Define retroactive interference.

A

the interference is acting on the old memories; the interference is the new memory
(for example you may have difficulty skiing inf you just learned how to snow board)

30
Q

Define proactive interference.

A

The interference is acting on the new information

the memory of where I usually park is interfering with them memory of where I parked today

31
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

When you an’t retrieve information; the tip of the tongue phenomena

32
Q

What is the “tip of the tongue” phenomena?

A

temporary inability to remember something that you know accompanied by a feeling that it is just out of reach

33
Q

In what ways can emotion, like anxiety, effect your memory?

A

emotion can cause you to forget; motivated forgetting is a controversial freudian theory with week evidence

34
Q

What are some ways of improving memory?

A
  • use elaborative rehearsal (make it meaningful)
  • organize information (easier to retrieve
  • over learn the material (practice)
  • distribute practice over time
  • minimize interference
  • use mnemonics