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Flashcards in Chapter 7 Deck (95)
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1
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A
  • its in memory but its due to having trouble with retrieval

- temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach

2
Q

encoding

A
  • forming a memory code

- usually requires attention

3
Q

storage

A
  • maintaining encoded information in memory over time

- not enough that you are guaranteed to remember something

4
Q

retrieval

A
  • recovering information from memory stores

- some retrial strategies are more effective than others

5
Q

attention

A
  • focusing awareness on a narrowed set of stimuli

- key part of memory

6
Q

selective attention

A
  • selection of input

- critical to everyday functioning

7
Q

next in line effect

A
  • trying to figure out what you’re going to say so you don’t encode what the person before you said
8
Q

early selective attention

A
  • ignore surrounding conversations
  • no access to their meaning
  • elect some info for further processing
  • filter out everything and focus on one stream of information
9
Q

late selective attention

A
  • cocktail party phenomenon
  • hear your name despite ignoring surrounding conversations
  • focus on all information and recognize meaning
10
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A

you expect no to be processing info outside of the conversation you are having but you actually are
- hearing your name in another conversation even when you are focused on your own

11
Q

deep processing

A
  • semantic encoding
  • emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
  • how the word would fit into a sentence
  • longer lasting memory codes
12
Q

intermediate processing

A
  • phonemic encoding
  • emphasizes that a word sounds like
  • what does the word rhyme with
13
Q

shallow processing

A
  • structural encoding
  • emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
  • is the word written in capital letters
14
Q

elaboration

A
  • linking stimulus to other information at encoding (more likely to remember)
  • also helpful when given multiple examples
15
Q

self-referent encoding

A
  • make it personally meaningful

- we remember things that are related to ourselves

16
Q

visual imagery

A
  • creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered
  • patient was given 7 minutes to remember complex math formula and he made it into a story
17
Q

photographic memory

A

eidetic memory

18
Q

paivio and colleagues

A
  • high imagery vs low imagery
  • gave people lists of words in pairs (high/high, low/low, high/low)
  • more people remembered high/high imagery
19
Q

dual-coding theory

A
  • paivio and colleagues

- we use 2 codes if you can create mental image that mental image will help us remember

20
Q

high imagery

A
  • concrete
  • can come up with a solid picture of it
  • dress
21
Q

low imagery

A
  • abstract
  • hard to come up with a picture
  • duty
22
Q

analogies

A
  • information storage in wax or computers

- old philosophers thought memory like a block of wax, better memory=bigger block

23
Q

information processing theories

A
  • subdivided memory into 3 separate memory stores
    1) sensory
    2) short-term
    3) long-term
24
Q

sensory memory

A

brief preservation of information in original sensory form

25
Q

iconic sensory memory

A

sensory info for visual representation

26
Q

echoic sensory memory

A

auditory memory lasts ~4-5 seconds then its gone unless we focus on it

27
Q

sperlings classic experiment on visual sensory store

A
  • people could remember letter better if the tone played right after vs the tone playing a second later
  • proves that there is a brief preservation of stimulus is sensory memory
28
Q

short term memory

A
  • limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for up to 20 seconds
29
Q

rehearsal

A

process of repetitively verbalizing/thinking about information

30
Q

Peterson & Peterson

A
  • testing to see how long people could remember 3 letters if not allowed to rehears
  • to prevent rehearsal they had the students count backwards by 3s from the time they heard the words until a light flashed
  • memory decayed quickly
31
Q

interference

A
  • numbers interfere

- letters interfere worse

32
Q

limited capacity

A
  • people can only recall 7 items in a task with unfamiliar material
  • recent view is 4 items
33
Q

chunking

A
  • grouping familiar stimuli for stage as a single unit

- allows us to remember better

34
Q

working memory

A

limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory, and action

35
Q

baddeley

A
  • proposed short-term memory as working memory
  • when we hold info to use in a certain way
  • we have different parts that compose short-term memory
36
Q

phenological rehearsal loop

A
  • important for learning language

- calculating a tip

37
Q

visuospatial sketch pad

A
  • vials and spatial in nature
  • using both kinds of info
  • reorganizing living room
38
Q

executive control system

A
  • what we pay attention to commanding how we use information

- air traffic controller

39
Q

episodic buffer

A
  • bringing into from long-term in conjunction with short term memory
  • creativity, musical ability, reading comprehension
40
Q

long term memory

A
  • unlimited capacity that holds info for a long time

- unlikely we have unlimited capacity

41
Q

wilder penfield

A
  • keep people awake during neurosurgery and stimulate parts of their cortex to see their reaction
  • memory is there permanently we just need the right stimulus
42
Q

flashbulb memories

A
  • vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
  • seemingly perfect storage
  • ex: 9/11
43
Q

hypnosis

A

people had many memories that were not true

44
Q

clustering

A

tendency to remember similar or related items

45
Q

conceptual hierarchy

A

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

46
Q

schemas

A
  • organizing cluster of knowledge about and object or event

- can help recall info but you might recall something that wasn’t there

47
Q

script

A
  • script is a special type of schema
48
Q

semantic network

A
  • consists of nodes representing concepts
  • joined together bu links between concepts
  • info is connected in some way
  • things that are associated will be activated relatively
49
Q

retrieval cues

A
  • stimuli that help gain access to memories
50
Q

recalling an event

A
  • use context cues (can be related to mood, location etc.)

- retracing your steps

51
Q

retrieval

A
  • getting information out of memory

- memories are reconstructed which often leads to errors

52
Q

war of ghosts

A
  • read a story twice and asked to remember details of the story
  • they remembered the gist but would change something that happened in the story
53
Q

Elizabeth loftus

A
  • misinformation effect
  • post-event information disrupts memory
  • when asked “hit” 14% said broken glass
  • when asked “smashed” 32% said broken glass
  • there was no broken glass
54
Q

misinformation effect

A
  • occurs when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information
55
Q

source monitoring

A

the process of making inferences about the origins of memories

56
Q

source monitoring error

A

when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

57
Q

reality monitoring

A
  • did this actually happen?

- real memories vs false memories

58
Q

destination memory

A
  • retold old stories

- who we tell the story to (telling same story multiple times to same person)

59
Q

serial position effects

A

better recall for items at beginning and end of a list

60
Q

primacy effect

A

remembering things at start of list

61
Q

recency effect

A

remembering things at end of list

62
Q

ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve

A
  • interested in how we forget information
  • tried to memorize triplets of letters to see how long it would take him to forget the info
  • looked at retention intervals
  • different forgetting curve due to nonsense information
63
Q

retention

A
  • proportion of material retained
64
Q

relearning measure of retention

A
  • requires a subject to memorize info a second time to determine how much time/practices are saved having learning it before
65
Q

recognition measure of retention

A
  • requires subject to select previously learned info from any array of options
  • multiple choice, true/false
66
Q

recall measure of retention

A
  • requires subjects to reproduce info on their own without any cues
  • essay questions, fill in the blank
67
Q

measuring retention: recognition vs recall

A
  • different effects over time
68
Q

ineffective encoding

A
  • pseudoforgetting

- due to lack of attention

69
Q

decay theory

A
  • forgetting that occurs due to fading of memory traces with time
  • yes for STM
  • no for LTM
70
Q

interference theory

A
  • retroactive and proactive interference

- different info=less interference

71
Q

retroactive interference

A
  • new learning interferes with old

- impairs old memory

72
Q

proactive interference

A
  • old learning interferes with new

- impairs new memory

73
Q

to distinguish info

A
  • pair studying of 2 different classes
  • elaborate in different ways
  • change location, music etc
74
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds with a memory code

  • match between context and location have better results
  • context can be physiological mood, and location
75
Q

motivated forgetting

A

purposely forgetting things you don’t want to remember

76
Q

repression

A
  • burying distressing thoughts/feelings in the unconscious so you are not constantly affected by them
  • repressed memories can be true or false, hard to determine
77
Q

memory illusions

A
  • people are very likely to recall info that is not presented
  • dense-roediger-mcdermott paradigm is list of 15 similar words listed off and asked to be recalled
78
Q

physiology of memory

A
  • changes in brain underlie memory

- memory formation results in alterations of synaptic transmissions at specific sites

79
Q

long term potentiation

A

localized neural circuits

  • a lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway
  • happens for hours, days, ~months
80
Q

amygdala

A

emotional memories

81
Q

hippocampus

A
  • medial temporal lobe

- consolidation of memories

82
Q

neurogenesis

A
  • formation of new neurons
  • contributes to sculpting of new neural circuits that underly memory
  • why we can get new info
83
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • executive attention/function
  • attention
  • working memory
84
Q

left hemisphere

A
  • phonological information loop
85
Q

right hemisphere

A
  • visual spatial sketch pad

- spacial information

86
Q

procedural/nondeclarative memory system

A
  • skills that feel automatic
  • last for a long time but can’t necessarily explain procedure
  • does not require attention
  • implicit memory we don’t know about
  • riding a bike, passwords
  • related to cerebellum
87
Q

declarative memory systems

A
  • takes some effort and attention to access info
  • related to hippocampus
  • semantic and episodic
88
Q

semantic memory system

A
  • general knowledge we have learned over the course of our lives
  • knowing what breakfast is
89
Q

episodic memory system

A
  • autobiographical
  • episodes we have experiences
  • dated recollections of personal experiences
  • knowing what you ate for breakfast yesterday
90
Q

amnesia

A

something that has happened to a part of your brain that causes memory loss
- retrograde and anterograde

91
Q

retrograde amnesia

A
  • K.C.: motorcycle accident had loss of memory for what happened before accident, knew what chess was but didn’t know he knew how to play, learned certain things but no real lasting memory
    —> loss of memory from before head injury
92
Q

anterograde amnesia

A
  • H.M.: removed hippocampus, would very quickly forget what had just happened, procedural memory was intact
  • discovered hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are important for memory
    —> memory loss of event after the head injury
93
Q

retrospective memory

A
  • anything that happened in the past
94
Q

prospective memory

A
  • memory for things that will happen in the future
95
Q

hyperthymestic syndrom

A
  • highly superior autobiographic memory
  • ability to remember personal experiences in extreme detail
  • memory does not seem to benefit them in any particular way