Chapter 7

Question 1

social needs of early childhood vs. middle childhood

Answer 1

• early childhood: playmate

- middle childhood: reciprocal trust (expectation for exclusiveness/best friends, same-sex)

Question 2

Parten’s 3 Stages of play

Answer 2

• parallel play
• associative play
• cooperative play

Question 3

parallel play

Answer 3

children play side-by-side, but they don’t interact with each other (seen as young as 14 months)

Question 4

associative play

Answer 4

• brief interactions

- no joint activities yet (ie. not working on the same task yet)

Question 5

cooperative play

Answer 5

• children are capable of performing joint tasks (3-4 years)

- requires sharing, taking turns, and group-entry skills (aka: group maintenance skills in middle childhood)

Question 6

why is friendship selection based more on sex than anything else?

Answer 6

Because of the “society of childhood” -> rules kids make up (ie. girls can only play with girls)

Question 7

interactional differences in same-sex friendships

Answer 7

• more pronounced in middle childhood than early childhood
• girls: enabling style
• boys: restricting/constricting style

Question 8

in middle childhood, ___ aggression decreases but ___ aggression increase

Answer 8

• physical; retaliatory

- retaliatory is higher because they can understand intent now

Question 9

nature of aggression in early childhood

Answer 9

• physical aggression: overt/direct/observable

- peaks around 2-3 years

Question 10

nature of aggression in middle childhood

Answer 10

• indirect/covert aggression: unobservable
• relational aggression: aimed at damaging another’s peer status or reputation/self-esteem (goal: social exclusion using slander)

Question 11

Key findings in Cote’s study of childhood aggression

Answer 11

• Over 1/2 of 2-3 year-olds showed occasional physical aggression (at least once a week)
• whereas 1/2 of 10-year-olds showed only infrequent physical aggression (less than once a month)

Question 12

similarities and differences between aggression and bullying

Answer 12

• similarity: both must be intentional
• difference: bullying is a specific type of aggression that involves a power imbalance (bully has more power) and must be repetitive (picks on same victim at least twice)

Question 13

how do researchers measure child peer status?

Answer 13

• ask “if you could only invite 5 people from class to your birthday party, who would you invite? -> indicates 3 types of peer status
• “is there someone you wouldn’t invite?” -> indicates rejected child

Question 14

3 types of peer status (related to birthday party question)

Answer 14

• popular: most invitations
• average: average number of invitations
• neglected: 0-2 nominations

Question 15

how does peer status influence bullying interactions?

Answer 15

• bully: usually popular (need high level of status to bully)
• victim: usually neglected
• both a bully and a victim: usually rejected
• bystanders: usually average