how info is maintained in memory
storage
how info is pulled back out of memory
retrieval
how info gets into memory, forming a memory code
encoding
what do you need to do to move something from senosry memory to working memory
you have to pay attention
what can you do to keep something in working memory
rehearsal
sensory memory
preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time
a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for up to 20 sec
short term memory
has a capacity of .5-4 seconds long
sensory memory
capacity of 10-20 seconds
working memory
phonological loop
what you play in your head- rehearsing , v
what happened in the last 40 seconds
Episodic buffer
shifts attention from one thing to the next
Central Executive
Visuospatial Sketchpad
ability to keep representations in your mind
“emphasizes the meaning of verbal input”
Semantic encoding : deeper processing
ways to enrich the encoding process
elaboration, visual imagery, and motivation to remember
linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding
elaboration
visual imagery
the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events that are not always really accurate
flashbulb memory
occurs when partcipants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent info
Misinformation effect
what is a schema
an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event
what is a source-monitoring error
when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source (eye witness testimony )
what is the decay theory
forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info
Retroactive interference
Repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
Proactive interference
occurs when previously learned info interferes with the retention of new info
retention
refers to the proportion of material remembered
people have failed to encode the information due to lack of attention
ineffective encoding, pseudo forgetting
a person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury
retrograde amnesia
a person loses memories for events that occurs after the injury
anterograde amnesia
handles factual infomation
declarative memory system
houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories
non declarative memory system
“a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stored in long term memory”
consolidation
ex) names, dates, concepts, and ideas
declarative memory
ex) actions like tying a shoes, cradling a lacrosse stick and biking
nondeclarative memory
what one is more vulnerable to forgetting
declarative memory
the declarative memory system divides into what two systems
semantic and episodic
what is the episodic memory system made up of
personal facts
what is the semantic memory system made up of
general facts
ex) birthday is the 9th
semantic
ex) dogs have four legs
semantic
record of things you done, seen, or heard
episodic
ex) the trip you took in the 4th grade
episodic
involves remembering events from the past or previously learned info
retrospective memory
involves remembering to perform actions in the futre
prospective memory
ex) remembering to do chores
prospective
ex) trying to remember what you did yesterday
retrospective
this kind of memory is easy to forget when interrupted or distracted
prospective