Cognitive revolution
study of internal mental processes became an acceptable target for research
The alkinson-shiffrin (multi-store) model of memory
stimulus–> sensory organs–> sensory memory–> short term memory long term memory
During alkinson-shiffrin model of memory what occurs
info is rehearsed and some info is encoded into long term memory
Sensory organs
sense, eyes/ears, etc
Sensory memory
limitless, but short lived
Short term memory
lasts 30 seconds, working memory and rehearsal
Long term memory
unlimited, but not always accessible
Ionic memory
visual sensory store (no more than 1 second)
Echoic memory
auditory sensory store (no more than 5 seconds)
The whole report and condition
flashing letters at someone then asking them to report them back, can usually report 3-4 out of 12 letters
The partial report condition
hearing a tone while looking at letters to decided which row to repeat, people can report 3-4 out of 4
Attention
helps select a portion of the sensor memory for further processing
Change blindness
showwing someone a change in a picture, easier when presented simultaneously
Chunking
letters placed randomly vs connecting to larger units
The serial position effect
if given a long list of words, most likely to remember the first few and last few
First few words remembered =
primacy effect
Last few words remembered =
recency effect
2 types of forgetting
- proactive interference
- retroactive interference
Proactive interference
after hearing the first few words this makes it hard to remember other info
Retroactive interference
info presented later makes it hard to remember stuff from before
Phonological loop
for keeping sound based info active with rehearsal
The word length effect
easier to remember short words
Visuospatial sketchpad
for representing visual info and where objects are in space (traffic flow)
Feature binding
seeing something as whole rather than a collection of features
Episodic buffer
for representing combined auditory, visual, and knowledge from long term memory store
Central executive
for coordinating the functions of the 3 storage systems and directing attention to sensory inputs
Declarative memory
memories that involve our conscious minds and that we can we can describe verbally
Non-Declarative (implicit) memory
memory for previously learned s``kills and associations that guide our thoughts, feelings snd actions automatically and unconsciously
Non-declarative memory includes…
includes all of the unconscious influences of memory
Types of declarative memory
- episodic memory
- semantic memory
Episodic memory
memory for specific, autobiographical events in ones life
Semantic memory
general knowledge about the world that does no involve accessing the details of any particular life experience
Example of semantic memory
knowing difference between leprechaun and elf
Edouard Claparede
shook the amnesia lady’s hand with pin for experiment
Procedural memory
knowledge abut how to perform actions (dance routine)
Priming
involves an unconscious influence of an experience on our subsequent thoughts or behaviours
Donald Hebb
“cell that fire together, wire together” termed long term potentiation
Long term potentiation
when neutrons across the brain fire the same time, the bonds between them get stronger
Consolidation
the capacity to remember an event over the long term relies on a binding together of strong connections between the pattern of neural firing thats associated with that experience
Henry Molaison (H.M)
had brain surgery to stop his epilepsy but as a results suffered from amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
an inability to remember any events occurring after some brain altering experience
Retrograde amnesia
not remembering experiences that occurred at some point of time before the trauma or surgery
3 ways of incoming sensory info
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Encoding
info is converted for storage
Storage
info is retained in memory
Retrieval
info is recovered from memory when needed
Rote learning
merely repeating info over and over again with the goal of remember it for long term
Crank and watkins study involved
participants said numbers, then repeated a word a few times then had to say the number again
In crank and watkins study the amount of times repeating the word had…
no effect on the likelihood of remembering them
Crank and watkins study supports..
keeping info active in working memory, but is poor way of achieving long term memory
Maintenance rehearsal
mindless repetition and rote learning
Levels of processing frame work
- shallow processing
- intermediate processing
- deep processing
Shallow processing
thinking about the appearance of the word
Intermediate processing
thinking about what the word sounds like
Deep processing
thinking about the meaning of the word
Effective other methods of elaborative rehearsal
- self reference effect
- survival processing
Self reference effect
thinking about info in a way that relates to ourselves and our other personal experience
Survival effect
thinking about info in a way that relate to personal survival
Recognition
identifying something that you’ve experienced
Recall
requires bringing to mind details about a period experience
Retrieval cues**
matches make you think about fire
Encoding specificity
successful remembering depends on the degree of match between the current situation and the event that we are trying to remember
Context dependent memory
remembering memories of a place when you are there
State dependent learning
remembering will be more successful when a persons internal state at time of encoding matched their internal state of the time of retrieval (study while high, take test while high)
Mood dependent learning
remembering will be more successful when a persons mood at the tie of encoding matched their mood at time of retrieval
The room of emotion in remembering
high emotion leads to better remembering
Neilson and colleagues study
shown list of words then one group a pic of surgery and others infractions on how to brush your teeth, survey pic helped remember more
Flashbulb memory`
events so emotional and shocking that you will never forget any details but not true and less accurate after time, more confident about their memory of the extreme event
Hermann Ebbinghaus
first to discover forgetting curse, studied his own memory of mixing words
Mnemonics
methods for making info memorable (do kids play games on family game sunday)
Elaborative rehearsal
the more you think about something the more likely you are to remember
Guided imagery
a technique meant to help individuals remember and event from earlier in their life by having them imagine what the type of event might have been like
Imagination inflation
the more a person imagines what an event would be like, the more likely they will be to become convinced that the imagined event actually happened to them
Schemas
general knowledge in memory about what features are typical for certain types of situations
Deese Roediger Mcdermott (DRM) effect
people think that they saw the critical lure on the list, even though it wasn’t presented
Misinformation effect
when biasing questions alter an eyewitnesses memory for the event they witnessed
Bruck and Ceci study
janitor cleaning or not then asked children different questions, tell adults what they want to hear