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Anthropology > Chapter 6 Economics > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Economics Flashcards

1
Q

The critical elements of any economic system are production, ____, and consumption.

A

Distribution

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2
Q

In economics, economizing behavior is ____.

A

Making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit

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3
Q

Economics is the study of ____.

A

The ways in which the choices people make determine how their society uses resources

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4
Q

Capitalist cultures like those in the United States are defined by productivity for _____.

A

Wealth and material prosperity

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5
Q

As social complexity and population increases, the difference between economic system is mostly measured as a difference in ____.

A

Access to productive resources

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6
Q

Material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or information are known as _____.

A

Productive resources.

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7
Q

In foraging (hunting and gathering) societies, land is ____.

A

Customarily used by certain groups, but others are not denied access to it.

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8
Q

Where resources are scarce and large area are needed to support the population, territorial boundaries are ____.

A

Usually not defended

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9
Q

Contemporary pastoralists primarily obtain access to land for grazing through ____.

A

Contracts with landowners as they pass through areas

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10
Q

In pastoral societies, ____ land is most essential factor in the functioning of the society.

A

Accessing

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11
Q

In horticultural societies, land is ____.

A

Communally owned by kin groups

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12
Q

Which statement is true regarding land among the Lacandon Maya, an extensive cultivating society?

A

Individuals retain right to land they have cleared even if they leave it fallow.

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13
Q

Which key factor determines if land is considered exclusive and consequently defended?

A

High population density

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14
Q

In capitalist societies, the principle form of resources is ____.

A

Capital

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15
Q

The idea of private ownership of land tends to develop in societies where ____.

A

Material and labor investment in land becomes substantial

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16
Q

Peasants generally ____.

A

Support a wealthy, landowning class

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17
Q

The right of an individual or family to use a piece of land and pass that land to descendants, but not sell or trade the land, is called ___.

A

Usufruct right

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18
Q

One critical economic difference between a firm and a household is ____.

A

Firms may grow with relative ease, but the structure of households limits their growth

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19
Q

A high degree of specialization of labor ____.

A

Tends to correlate with high population and agriculture intensification

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20
Q

Marcel Mauss, and many other anthropologist, theorized that an important function of gifting is to ___.

A

Hold a societies together

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21
Q

The dominant form of exchange in ____ is generalized reciprocity

A

Foraging societies

22
Q

In a system of balanced reciprocity, giving a gift to someone ____.

A

Requires that the recipient returns a more or less equivalent gift at a later date

23
Q

For the Trobriand Islanders, the central part of the Kula trade is ____.

A

Trading for bracelets and armbands

24
Q

Balanced reciprocity is most typical among ____.

A

Non-industrialized people without economies

25
Q

Kluckhohn showed that when the Navajo traded with outsiders, ____.

A

It was considered morally acceptable to deceive

26
Q

How does the market exchange differ from reciprocity and redistribution?

A

Market exchange is an impersonal process

27
Q

Because formal government is not present in the kula trading groups, ___.

A

It is important that relations between partners remain friendly to reinforce the close ties of the participants

28
Q

A chief at a potlatch would typically _____.

A

Brag about his wealth and power

29
Q

When a group collects goods and then gives them out to their owns members or members of their groups, they are participating in ___.

A

Redistribution

30
Q

Which of the following best describes the economics of potlatch of the tribes of the Pacific Northwest Coast?

A

A method increasing productivity and distributing food and goods to a large dispersed population

31
Q

Leveling mechanisms are ways of evening out the distribution of wealth in society. Which of the following is the best example of a leveling mechanism?

A

The welfare and social security systems of modern industrialized nations.

32
Q

In Mexico, a cargo is ____.

A

A religious office held for a year and requiring substantial financial outlay

33
Q

Today’s market exchange system can be characterized by the phrase, caveat emptor, which means ____.

A

“Let the buyer beware”

34
Q

Which type of resource is primarily used to generate profit for their owners?

A

Capital

35
Q

Which statements best describes capitalism?

A

An economic system that has become predominant in the last 300 years

36
Q

Which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism?

A

People in capital societies sell their labor for wages in order to survive

37
Q

Which of the following best reflects the mission of UX (User Experience) research?

A

It seeks to understand the ways in which people interact with products, services, and companies

38
Q

A key attribute about worker’s wages in capitalist system is that ____.

A

The value of what they produce is always intended to be worth more than what they are paid to produce it

39
Q

Family members providing resources and services to each other without expecting anything in return is a form of ____.

A

Generalized reciprocity

40
Q

There are many people in the United States who resists capitalism. Some common ways they do so are ____.

A

Garage sales, hunting, and gathering

41
Q

True/False

It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system

A

False

42
Q

True/False

All economic behavior can be explained by financial profit and gain

A

False

43
Q

True/False

Capital is the productive resources that can be used to increase financial wealth

A

True

44
Q

True/False
A household is similar to a firm because both are defined as groups that are united by kinship and have goals to increase their size indefinitely

A

False

45
Q

True/False

One universal aspect to the division of labor is that women have the major responsibility for child care.

A

True

46
Q

True/False

Industrialization and specialization have limited the access people have to goods and services

A

False

47
Q

True/False

Since they can be used in gardening, the key items exchanged in Kula trade have great economic value.

A

False

48
Q

True/False

The objective of negative reciprocity is to gain material advantage without having to give anything in return

A

True

49
Q

True/False

A leveling mechanism is a practice or form of social organization that evens out wealth in a society

A

True

50
Q

True/False
Research in Zinacantan shows that the obligations to take on cargoes (or religious offices) generally prevents from becoming wealthy

A

False

Anthropology (9 decks)

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