Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure Flashcards Preview

Biology 201 and 202 Vocab > Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure Deck (54)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Appositional Growth

A

The enlargement of a cartilage or bone by the addition of cartilage or bony matrix at its surface.

2
Q

Bone Tissue

A

A strong connective tissue containing specialized cells and a mineralized matrix of crystalline calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate; also called osseus tissue.

3
Q

Calcification

A

The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue.

4
Q

Canaliculi

A

Microscopic passageways between cells; bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts in the liver; in bone, canaliculi permit the diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes.

5
Q

Central Canal

A

Longitudinal canal in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves; also called Haversian canal; passageway along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord that contains CSF.

6
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Simple fractures are completely internal.

7
Q

Colles Fracture

A

A break in the distal portion of the radius, is typically the result of reaching out to cushion a fall.

8
Q

Comminuted Fractures

A

Shatter the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments.

9
Q

Compact Bone

A

Dense bone that contains parallel osteons.

10
Q

Compression Fractures

A

Occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses, such as those produced by the forces that arise when you land on your seat in a fall. Compression fractures are often associated with osteoporosis.

11
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone.

12
Q

Displaced Fractures

A

Produce new and abnormal bone arrangements.

13
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

The replacement of a cartilaginous model with bone; the characteristic mode of formation for skeletal elements other than the bones of the cranium, the clavicles, and sesamoid bones.

14
Q

Endosteum

A

An incomplete cellular lining on the inner (medullary) surfaces of bones.

15
Q

Epiphyseal Cartilages

A

The cartilaginous region between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone; also called epiphyseal plate.

16
Q

Epiphyseal Fractures

A

Tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying; unless carefully treated, fractures between the epiphysis and the epiphyseal cartilage can permanently stop growth at this site.

17
Q

Epiphysis

A

The head of a long bone.

18
Q

Fracture

A

A break or crack in a bone.

19
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Only one side of the fracture is broken, and the other is bent. This type of fracture generally occurs in children, whose long bones have yet to ossify fully.

20
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

The formation of bone within a connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilaginous model.

21
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric layers; the concentric layers of bone within an osteon.

22
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

The space within the bone that contains the marrow.

23
Q

Metaphysis

A

The region of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis, corresponding to the location of the epiphyseal cartilage of the developing bone.

24
Q

Nondisplaced Fractures

A

Retain the normal alignment of the bones or fragments.

25
Q

Open Fracture

A

Compound fracture projecting through the skin.

26
Q

Ossification

A

The formation of bone; osteogenesis.

27
Q

Osteocytes

A

A bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone.

28
Q

Osteogenesis

A

The formation of bone; ossification.

29
Q

Osteon

A

The basic histological unit of compact bone, consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae.

30
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A reduction in bone mass that causes brittle, fragile bones and compromises normal function.

31
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Four small glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

32
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels decrease below the normal range; causes increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased calcium ion less by the kidneys.

33
Q

Perforating Canals

A

Passageways within compact bone that extend perpendicular to the surface.

34
Q

Periosteum

A

The layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an out fibrous region and inner cellular region.

35
Q

Pott’s Fracture

A

Also called a bimalleolar fracture, occurs at the ankle and affects both the medial malleolus of the distal tibia and the lateral malleolus of the distal fibula.

36
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

A bone that forms within a tendon.

37
Q

Spiral Fractures

A

Are produced by a twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone.

38
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Bone that consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles a three-dimensional garden lattice.

39
Q

Trabeculae

A

A connective tissue partition that subdivides an organ.

40
Q

Transverse Fractures

A

Such as this fractures of the ulna, break a bone shaft across its long axis.

41
Q

Achondroplasia

A

A disorder of bone growth that causes the most common type of dwarfism.

42
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant

A

Transferring healthy bone marrow stem cells from one person into another, replacing bone marrow that is either dysfunctional or has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation.

43
Q

Bone Mineral Density Test (BMD)

A

A test to predict the risk of bone fractures by measuring how much calcium and other types of minerals are present in the patient’s bones.

44
Q

Bone Scan

A

A nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown. Used to evaluate damage, find cancer in the bones, and/or monitor the bone’s conditions (including infection and trauma).

45
Q

Closed Reduction

A

The correction of a bone fracture by manipulation without incision into the skin.

46
Q

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorpitometry (DEXA)

A

Procedure that uses very small amounts of radiation to measure changes in bone density as small as 1%; the test monitors bone density in osteoporosis and osteopenia.

47
Q

Open Reduction

A

The correction of a bone fracture by making an incision into the skin and rejoining the fractured bone parts, often by mechanical means such as a rod, plate, or screw.

48
Q

Orthopedics

A

The branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles.

49
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)

A

An inherited (genetic) disorder characterized by extreme fragility of the bones; also called brittle bone disease.

50
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

An acute or chronic bone infection.

51
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

A rare hereditary bone disorder in which the bones become overly dense; it presents in one of three forms: osteopetrosis tarda, osteopetrosis congenita, and “marble bone” disease”.

52
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

A type of cancer that starts in the bones; also called osteogenic sarcoma.

53
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones due to abnormal bone destruction and regrowth.

54
Q

Traction

A

The application of a sustained pull on a limb or muscle in order to maintain the position of a fractured bone until healing occurs or to correct a deformity.