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Flashcards in chapter 6 Deck (112)
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1
Q

Memory

A

The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time (P. 232)

2
Q

Encoding

A

The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into, and retained by, the memory system (P. 232)

3
Q

Storage

A

The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time (P. 232)

4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it (P. 232)

5
Q

Stage Model of Memory

A

A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (P. 232)

6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time (P. 233)

7
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds (P. 233)

8
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information (P. 233)

9
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory (P. 236)

10
Q

Chunking

A

Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit (P. 236)

11
Q

Working Memory

A

The temporary storage and active conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving (P. 237)

12
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory (P. 238)

13
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions (P. 240)

14
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events (P. 240)

15
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge concepts, facts, and names (P. 240)

16
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory (P. 241)

17
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory (P. 241)

18
Q

Clustering

A

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)

19
Q

Semantic Network Model

A

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)

20
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of accessing stored information (P. 243)

21
Q

Retrieval Cue

A

A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory (P. 243)

22
Q

Retrieval Cue Failure

A

The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues (P. 243)

23
Q

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Experience

A

A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it (P. 245)

24
Q

Recall

A

A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall (P. 245)

25
Q

Cued Recall

A

A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue (P. 245)

26
Q

Recognition

A

A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices (P. 245)

27
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle (P. 245)

28
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful (P. 246)

29
Q

Context Effect

A

The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information (P. 246)

30
Q

Mood Congruence

A

An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood (P. 246)

31
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate (P. 246)

32
Q

Forgetting

A

The inability to recall information that was previously available (P. 248)

33
Q

Encoding Failure

A

The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory (P. 248)

34
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to do something in the future (P. 250)

35
Q

Decay Theory

A

The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time (P. 250)

36
Q

Deja Vu Experience

A

A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experience before (P. 251)

37
Q

Source Memory (Source Monitoring)

A

Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired (P. 251)

38
Q

Interference Theory

A

The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another (P. 252)

39
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference (P. 252)

40
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference (P. 252)

41
Q

Suppression

A

Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information (P. 252)

42
Q

Repression

A

Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness (P. 252)

43
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information (P. 254)

44
Q

Source Confusion

A

A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten (P. 254)

45
Q

Flase Memory

A

A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur (P. 256)

46
Q

Schema

A

An organized cluster of information about a particular topic (P. 256)

47
Q

Script

A

A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event (P. 256)

48
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

A memory in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred (P. 259)

49
Q

Memory Trace (Engram)

A

The hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory (P. 260)

50
Q

Long-Term Pontentiation

A

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons (P. 262)

51
Q

Amnesia

A

Severe Memory Loss (P. 264)

52
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of Memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia (P. 264)

53
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes (P. 264)

54
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories forward-acting amnesia (P. 264)

55
Q

Dementia

A

Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of disease or a condition (P. 268)

56
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

A

A progressive disease that destroys the brain’s neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia (P. 268)

57
Q

The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time (P. 232)

A

Memory

58
Q

The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into, and retained by, the memory system (P. 232)

A

Encoding

59
Q

The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time (P. 232)

A

Storage

60
Q

The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it (P. 232)

A

Retrieval

61
Q

A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (P. 232)

A

Stage Model of Memory

62
Q

The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time (P. 233)

A

Sensory Memory

63
Q

The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds (P. 233)

A

Short-Term Memory

64
Q

The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information (P. 233)

A

Long-Term Memory

65
Q

The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory (P. 236)

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

66
Q

Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit (P. 236)

A

Chunking

67
Q

The temporary storage and active conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving (P. 237)

A

Working Memory

68
Q

Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory (P. 238)

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

69
Q

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions (P. 240)

A

Procedural Memory

70
Q

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events (P. 240)

A

Episodic Memory

71
Q

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge concepts, facts, and names (P. 240)

A

Semantic Memory

72
Q

Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory (P. 241)

A

Explicit Memory

73
Q

Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory (P. 241)

A

Implicit Memory

74
Q

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)

A

Clustering

75
Q

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)

A

Semantic Network Model

76
Q

The process of accessing stored information (P. 243)

A

Retrieval

77
Q

A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory (P. 243)

A

Retrieval Cue

78
Q

The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues (P. 243)

A

Retrieval Cue Failure

79
Q

A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it (P. 245)

A

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Experience

80
Q

A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall (P. 245)

A

Recall

81
Q

A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue (P. 245)

A

Cued Recall

82
Q

A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices (P. 245)

A

Recognition

83
Q

The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle (P. 245)

A

Serial Position Effect

84
Q

The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful (P. 246)

A

Encoding Specificity Principle

85
Q

The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information (P. 246)

A

Context Effect

86
Q

An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood (P. 246)

A

Mood Congruence

87
Q

The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate (P. 246)

A

Flashbulb Memory

88
Q

The inability to recall information that was previously available (P. 248)

A

Forgetting

89
Q

The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory (P. 248)

A

Encoding Failure

90
Q

Remembering to do something in the future (P. 250)

A

Prospective Memory

91
Q

The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time (P. 250)

A

Decay Theory

92
Q

A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experience before (P. 251)

A

Deja Vu Experience

93
Q

Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired (P. 251)

A

Source Memory (Source Monitoring)

94
Q

The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another (P. 252)

A

Interference Theory

95
Q

Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference (P. 252)

A

Retroactive Interference

96
Q

Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference (P. 252)

A

Proactive Interference

97
Q

Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information (P. 252)

A

Suppression

98
Q

Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness (P. 252)

A

Repression

99
Q

A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information (P. 254)

A

Misinformation Effect

100
Q

A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten (P. 254)

A

Source Confusion

101
Q

A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur (P. 256)

A

Flase Memory

102
Q

An organized cluster of information about a particular topic (P. 256)

A

Schema

103
Q

A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event (P. 256)

A

Script

104
Q

A memory in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred (P. 259)

A

Imagination Inflation

105
Q

The hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory (P. 260)

A

Memory Trace (Engram)

106
Q

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons (P. 262)

A

Long-Term Pontentiation

107
Q

Severe Memory Loss (P. 264)

A

Amnesia

108
Q

Loss of Memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia (P. 264)

A

Retrograde Amnesia

109
Q

The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes (P. 264)

A

Memory Consolidation

110
Q

Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories forward-acting amnesia (P. 264)

A

Anterograde Amnesia

111
Q

Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of disease or a condition (P. 268)

A

Dementia

112
Q

A progressive disease that destroys the brain’s neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia (P. 268)

A

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)