Memory
The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time (P. 232)
Encoding
The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into, and retained by, the memory system (P. 232)
Storage
The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time (P. 232)
Retrieval
The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it (P. 232)
Stage Model of Memory
A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (P. 232)
Sensory Memory
The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time (P. 233)
Short-Term Memory
The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds (P. 233)
Long-Term Memory
The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information (P. 233)
Maintenance Rehearsal
The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory (P. 236)
Chunking
Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit (P. 236)
Working Memory
The temporary storage and active conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving (P. 237)
Elaborative Rehearsal
Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory (P. 238)
Procedural Memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions (P. 240)
Episodic Memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events (P. 240)
Semantic Memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge concepts, facts, and names (P. 240)
Explicit Memory
Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory (P. 241)
Implicit Memory
Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory (P. 241)
Clustering
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)
Semantic Network Model
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)
Retrieval
The process of accessing stored information (P. 243)
Retrieval Cue
A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory (P. 243)
Retrieval Cue Failure
The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues (P. 243)
Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Experience
A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it (P. 245)
Recall
A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall (P. 245)
Cued Recall
A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue (P. 245)
Recognition
A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices (P. 245)
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle (P. 245)
Encoding Specificity Principle
The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful (P. 246)
Context Effect
The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information (P. 246)
Mood Congruence
An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood (P. 246)
Flashbulb Memory
The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate (P. 246)
Forgetting
The inability to recall information that was previously available (P. 248)
Encoding Failure
The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory (P. 248)
Prospective Memory
Remembering to do something in the future (P. 250)
Decay Theory
The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time (P. 250)
Deja Vu Experience
A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experience before (P. 251)
Source Memory (Source Monitoring)
Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired (P. 251)
Interference Theory
The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another (P. 252)
Retroactive Interference
Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference (P. 252)
Proactive Interference
Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference (P. 252)
Suppression
Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information (P. 252)
Repression
Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness (P. 252)
Misinformation Effect
A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information (P. 254)
Source Confusion
A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten (P. 254)
Flase Memory
A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur (P. 256)
Schema
An organized cluster of information about a particular topic (P. 256)
Script
A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event (P. 256)
Imagination Inflation
A memory in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred (P. 259)
Memory Trace (Engram)
The hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory (P. 260)
Long-Term Pontentiation
A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons (P. 262)
Amnesia
Severe Memory Loss (P. 264)
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of Memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia (P. 264)
Memory Consolidation
The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes (P. 264)
Anterograde Amnesia
Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories forward-acting amnesia (P. 264)
Dementia
Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of disease or a condition (P. 268)
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
A progressive disease that destroys the brain’s neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia (P. 268)
The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time (P. 232)
Memory
The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into, and retained by, the memory system (P. 232)
Encoding
The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time (P. 232)
Storage
The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it (P. 232)
Retrieval
A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (P. 232)
Stage Model of Memory
The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time (P. 233)
Sensory Memory
The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds (P. 233)
Short-Term Memory
The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information (P. 233)
Long-Term Memory
The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory (P. 236)
Maintenance Rehearsal
Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit (P. 236)
Chunking
The temporary storage and active conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving (P. 237)
Working Memory
Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory (P. 238)
Elaborative Rehearsal
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions (P. 240)
Procedural Memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events (P. 240)
Episodic Memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge concepts, facts, and names (P. 240)
Semantic Memory
Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory (P. 241)
Explicit Memory
Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory (P. 241)
Implicit Memory
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)
Clustering
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)
Semantic Network Model
The process of accessing stored information (P. 243)
Retrieval
A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory (P. 243)
Retrieval Cue
The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues (P. 243)
Retrieval Cue Failure
A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it (P. 245)
Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Experience
A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall (P. 245)
Recall
A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue (P. 245)
Cued Recall
A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices (P. 245)
Recognition
The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle (P. 245)
Serial Position Effect
The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful (P. 246)
Encoding Specificity Principle
The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information (P. 246)
Context Effect
An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood (P. 246)
Mood Congruence
The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate (P. 246)
Flashbulb Memory
The inability to recall information that was previously available (P. 248)
Forgetting
The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory (P. 248)
Encoding Failure
Remembering to do something in the future (P. 250)
Prospective Memory
The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time (P. 250)
Decay Theory
A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experience before (P. 251)
Deja Vu Experience
Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired (P. 251)
Source Memory (Source Monitoring)
The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another (P. 252)
Interference Theory
Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference (P. 252)
Retroactive Interference
Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference (P. 252)
Proactive Interference
Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information (P. 252)
Suppression
Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness (P. 252)
Repression
A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information (P. 254)
Misinformation Effect
A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten (P. 254)
Source Confusion
A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur (P. 256)
Flase Memory
An organized cluster of information about a particular topic (P. 256)
Schema
A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event (P. 256)
Script
A memory in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred (P. 259)
Imagination Inflation
The hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory (P. 260)
Memory Trace (Engram)
A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons (P. 262)
Long-Term Pontentiation
Severe Memory Loss (P. 264)
Amnesia
Loss of Memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia (P. 264)
Retrograde Amnesia
The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes (P. 264)
Memory Consolidation
Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories forward-acting amnesia (P. 264)
Anterograde Amnesia
Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of disease or a condition (P. 268)
Dementia
A progressive disease that destroys the brain’s neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia (P. 268)
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)