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Flashcards in Chapter 6 Deck (68)
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0
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A
  • attach by tendons to bones
  • Multi nucleated
  • striated
  • voluntary
1
Q

What are the three basic muscle type found in the body?

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
2
Q

Aponeuroses

A

attach muscles and directly to bone cartilage or connected tissue coverings

Ex: abdomen

3
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • spindle shaped
  • no striations
  • 1 nucleus
  • involuntary
  • in walls of hollow organs
4
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A
  • striations
  • 1 nucleus
  • branching cells
  • involuntary
  • walls of heart
5
Q

Function of skeletal muscles

A
  • movement
  • posture
  • stabilizes joints
  • generates heat
6
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Specialized plasma membrane of muscle

7
Q

Myofibrils

A

One organelles inside muscle cell, contractional units

8
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Specialize smooth endoplasmic reticulum

9
Q

Myofibrils are aligned to form what 2 types of bands?

A
  • I band = light (thin filaments)

- A band = dark (length of thick filament)

10
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

11
Q

How are the myofilaments in the sarcomere arranged?

A
  • thick filaments = myosin

- thin filaments = actin

12
Q

What stores calcium and surrounds the myofibril?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

13
Q

Excitability, responsiveness, irritability

A

Ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

14
Q

Contractibility

A

Ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

15
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability of muscle cells to be stretched

16
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

17
Q

Action potential

A

A moving signal

18
Q

What does a nerve fiber need to contract?

A

An electrical signal

19
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Associated site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscle

20
Q

Define twitch

A
  • single, brief contraction

- not a normal muscle function

21
Q

Define tetanus

A

Causes muscle to constantly contract

22
Q

How long does ATP stored by the muscle last?

A

4-6 seconds

23
Q

Define synaptic cleft

A
  • Gap between nerve and muscle

- nerve and muscle do not make contact

24
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

25
Q

Explain sliding filament theory

A

Activation of myosin heads (cross bridges) attach to thin filaments. Myosin heads bind to next thin filament, pulling them to the sarcomere. This causes the sliding of myosin along actin resulting in the shortening of the muscle.

26
Q

What are graded responses?

A

Different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

27
Q

After APT is depleted and ADP is left, what regenerates the ATP?

A

CP -creatine phosphate

28
Q

How long does the CP supply last?

A

Exhausted in less than 15 seconds

29
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy (32 ATP)
-slow reaction that needs oxygen

30
Q

What is anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

A

Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce about 2 ATP

  • NEEDS OXYGEN
  • Pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid
31
Q

What are the drawbacks to anaerobic glycolysis?

A
  • not as efficient
  • huge amount of glucose are needed
  • lactic acid produces muscle fatigue
32
Q

What are the benefits of aerobic exercise on the muscle?

A
  • endurance
  • strength
  • flexibility
  • greater resistance to fatigue
33
Q

5 golden rules to skeletal muscle activity

A
  1. Skeletal muscles cross at least 1 joint
  2. Bulk of muscle lies proximal across joint
  3. At least 2 attachments (origin, insertion)
  4. Skeletal muscles only pull
  5. Insertion moves towards origin during contraction
34
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment to a movable bone

35
Q

Origin

A

Attachment to an immovable bone

36
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

37
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline

38
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a limb toward the midline

39
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of flexing, extension, abduction, and adduction

40
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

lifting the foot so that the superior service approaches the shin

41
Q

Plantar flexing

A

Depression the foot towards the sole

42
Q

Inversion

A

Turn the sole of the foot medially

43
Q

Eversion

A

Turn the sole of the foot laterally

44
Q

Supination

A

Forearm rotates laterally so palms faces anteriorly

45
Q

Pronation

A

Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

46
Q

Opposition

A

Move them to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

47
Q

Prime mover

A

Muscle with the major responsibility for certain movement

48
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes a reverse or reverses a prime mover

49
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle that aids a prime mover in movement and helps prevent rotation

50
Q

What are the benefits of aerobic exercise on the muscle?

A
  • endurance
  • strength
  • flexibility
  • greater resistance to fatigue
51
Q

5 golden rules to skeletal muscle activity

A
  1. Skeletal muscles cross at least 1 joint
  2. Bulk of muscle lies proximal across joint
  3. At least 2 attachments (origin, insertion)
  4. Skeletal muscles only pull
  5. Insertion moves towards origin during contraction
52
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment to a movable bone

53
Q

Origin

A

Attachment to an immovable bone

54
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

55
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline

56
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a limb toward the midline

57
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of flexing, extension, abduction, and adduction

58
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

lifting the foot so that the superior service approaches the shin

59
Q

Plantar flexing

A

Depression the foot towards the sole

60
Q

Inversion

A

Turn the sole of the foot medially

61
Q

Eversion

A

Turn the sole of the foot laterally

62
Q

Supination

A

Forearm rotates laterally so palms faces anteriorly

63
Q

Pronation

A

Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

64
Q

Opposition

A

Move them to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

65
Q

Prime mover

A

Muscle with the major responsibility for certain movement

66
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes a reverse or reverses a prime mover

67
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle that aids a prime mover in movement and helps prevent rotation