Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL-3602 > Chapter 5: Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the PNS:

A

contain nerve fivers that carry information between the CNS and other parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PNS is diveded into the ____ and ____ division

A

1) afferent: forward carrying signals towards the CNS.

2) efferent: transmits instructions from CNS to effector organs. Heavily utilizes Ach and Ne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 components of the efferent division

A

1) autonomic NS: innervates smooth muscle, cardiac, glands and involuntary organs.
2) somatic NS: consists of fibers of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles, controls reflects and non reflex skeletal muscle actions.
3) enteric NS: extensive nerve network in the wall of the digestive tract that works with the Autonomic SN and hormones to control digestive activites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the ___ neurons are mainly in the PNS. Their cell bodies are located near the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord, and they contain a sensory receptor at the peripheral end that generates an AP in response to a stimulus

A

afferent neurons. they convey info from outside (collected by sensory receptors), and transmits it to the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

For Efferent (and thus autonomic neruons) have their cell bodies originating near the ___ ___ of the CNS, and their axon terminals leave to innervate ___ or ___

A

For Efferent (and thus autonomic neruons and somatic and enteric neurons) have their cell bodies originating near the VENTRAL ROOT HORN of the CNS, and their axon terminals leave to innervate MUSCLES or GLANDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the autonomic nervous system is part of the ____ division of the PNS, and is further divided into the ___ and ___ systems.

A

the autonomic nervous system is part of the EFFERENT division of the PNS, and is further divided into the SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe dual innervation

A

any gland or muscle that is contolled by the autonomic nervous system is undercontrol of the sympathetic AND Parasympathetic nervous system at the same time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the dual innervation PS and S systems act as an ____ ____ feedback system

A

antagonistic negative feedback system, they often exert generally the opposite effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is parasymp or symp dominance?

A

usually, there is both sympathetic and para symp activity occuring at the same time on a gland/effector. But when one system takes over, that is called dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the general autonomic nerve pathway. What is the exception to this?

A

each autonomic nerve pathway consists of a 2-neuron chain. The PREGANG fiber (an efferent fiber) originates in the CNS, and synapses with the POST GANGLIONIC fiber in an AUTONOMIC GANGLIA OUTSIDE of the CNS.

All parts of the autonomic nervous system has a 2-neuron chain except the adrenal medulla, in which the preganglion neuron originating in the CNS synapses directly onto the medulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the post ganglionic fiber of the Autonomic nervous system pathway has axonal _____, which:

A

axonal varicosities: bulges in the axon that has the ability to release neurotransmitters and neuromodulators to a LARGE area on an effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in part of the ____ nervous system of the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the HPA axis is stimulated by ____, causing the hypothalamus to release ____, which moves to the pituitary gland to trigger the release of _____. _____ stimulates the adrenal galnd, promoting ___ and ___ release.

A

the HPA axis is stimulated by STRESS, causing the hypothalamus to release CTH, which moves to the pituitary gland to trigger the release of ACTH. ACTH stimulates the adrenal galnd, promoting CORTISOL and CATECHOLAMINE release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which catecholamines are typically released by the HPA axis?

A

primarily epinephrine and NE. ( mostly epinephrine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In terms of the HPA axis, what is the secondary response? primary response? tertiary response?

A

pirmary response: release of cortisol and catecholamines in response to the hypothalamus detecting stress

secondary response: the effects of cortisol and epinephrine (effects metabolic nutrients, the ion concentration gradients etc.)

tertiary response: change in the whole organism (ex/ growth, disease resistance, behavior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Allostasis

A

the process by which the body responds to stressors to regain homeostasis. NOT ENTANTOSTASIS, which is the maintenance of systems outside of homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

physiological definition of acute stress. is this normal?

A

acute stress is a stressor that elevates heart rate but later moves down to normal levels after the stress is gone. this is evolutionarily normal and it is expected that the body will maintain reactive homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reactive homeostasis

A

the general range of homeostasis that allostasis tries to maintain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: the stress response is adaptive

A

true. but we have not yet evolved to manage chronic stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is chronic stress so bad for us?

A

we have not yet evolved to manage chronic stress, resulting in frequent homeostatic overload because our allostatic mechanisms do not know what to do. this results in increase obesity, cvd and cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the system that promotes general housekeeping activities such as digestion and urination

A

parasympathetic nervous system. works unconcsiously, many organs are at rest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Affect of the PS and S on the heart

A

PS: decreased heart rate, decreased force of contraction

S: increased heart rate, increased force of contraction (Beta 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Affect of Ps and S on blood vessesl

A

PS: dilation
S: vasocontriction A1 (excitatory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

AFfect of PS and S on lungs

A

PS: CONTRICTION of bronchioles, stimulation of mucus secretion
S: Dilation of broncioles (B2), prevention of mucus secretion (alpha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Affects of PS and S on digestive tract. What happens to the sphincters?

A

PS: stimulation of digestion, opening of the sphincters

S: inhibition of digestion (A2B2), closing of the sphincters (A1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

affect of Ps and S on gall bladder

A

PS: contraction (because the contents are needed for digestion)

S: Relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Affects of Ps and S on bladder

A

PS: Constriction (makes you pee)
S: relaxation (no peeing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Affects of Ps and S on eye. What happens to vision?

A

ps; Constriction of pupil, meant to see things close by

S: dilation of pupil (alpha 1), meant to see things far away.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Affects of PS and S on liver.

A

PS: NONE
S: glycogenolysis (B2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Affects of PS and S on adipocytes

A

PS: none
S: lipolysis (B2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Affects of PS and S on pancreas

A

PS: stimulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion (important for digestion

S: inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion (A2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Affects of PS and S on sweat glands.

A

S; Stimulation of secretion by most sweat glands

33
Q

Affects of Ps and S on salivary glands

A

PS: stimulation of large volume watery saliva rich in enzymes
S: stimulation of small volume thick saliva rich in mucus (alpha 1)

34
Q

Affects of PS and S on adrenal medulla

A

PS: none
S: stimulation of epinephrine and NE secretion

35
Q

Affects of PS and S endocrine pancreas

A

PS: Stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion
S: Inhibition of insulin secretion (A2)

36
Q

Affects of Ps and S on genitals

A

PS: causes erection
S: causes ejaculatoin an organismal contractions (A1)

37
Q

Affects of Brain activity of PSa dn S

A

PS: none
S: increased alertness.

38
Q

Basal tone

A

lowest possible level/most baseline activity that is modified by ANS input.

39
Q

in terms of receptors, the subtype 1 is ____ and subtybe 2 is ____

A

in terms of receptors, the subtype 1 is EXCITATORY and subtype 2 is INHIBITORY

40
Q

both alpha and beta receptors are ____ receptors and are coupled _____

A

both alpha and beta receptors are NE receptors and are coupled TO G PROTEINS

41
Q

Even though Parasymp preganglia are primarily in the cranio-sacral regions on the spinal cord, how are organs that are in the thoraco-lumbar regions parasympathetically innervated?

A

by the vagus nerve. the post and pre gang neuron change synapse at the autonomic ganglia and the post gan PS fiber runs through the vagus nerve which serves all organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

42
Q

the sacral part of the para sympathetic division serves the ____ organs and which parts of the intestine?

A

the sacral part of the para sympathetic division serves the PELVIC organs and BOTTOM HALF of the LARGE INTESTINE

43
Q

T/F: the cell bodies of a afferent neuron are directly inthe CNS

A

false. the cell body of an afferent neuron is just outside the CNS but then connects to the dorsal root horn.

44
Q

all efferent neurons have their preganglionic cell bodies originating in the _____

A

VENTRAL ROOT

45
Q

the preganglionic axon of the sympathetic nerve system synapses with the post ganglionic axon at the ___ ___ ____, there the post ganglionic axon runs later runs to the effector

A

sympathetic trunk ganglion

46
Q

What happens when the pre ganglionic axon of a sympathetic nervous system does not synapse at the sympathetic trunk ganglion?

A

it usually runs further to reach a collateral ganglion, such as the CELIAC, MESENTERIC, or INTERIOR MESENTERIC ganglion, and then synpases in the collateral ganglion with the post ganglionic axon.

47
Q

sympathetic nerve pathways to the head run through the ___

A

superior cervical ganglion

48
Q

sympathetic nerve pathways to the middle body or thorax run through the ____

A

inferior cervical ganglion

49
Q

the sympathetic nervous system pre ganglionic neurons are typically located in the ____ region of the CNS

A

thoracolumbar region

50
Q

how do the PS and S neuron locations differ?

A

PS: fibers are craniosacral
S: fibers are thoracolumbar

51
Q

How do the lengths of PS and S pre and post ganglionic fibers differ?

A

PS: Long preganglionic fiber, short post ganglionic fiber
S: short preganglionic axon, long post ganglionic axon.

52
Q

how do the locations of the PS and S ganglia differ? (Ie/ where the pre and post ganglionic fibers synapse)

A

PS: ganglia are located near the visceral effector organs
S: ganglia ( the sympathetic trunk) is near the spinal cord

53
Q

2 neurotransmitters of the ANS

A

1) acetyl choline

2) NE

54
Q

in both the symp and para sym, what neurotransmitter is released by the preganlionic axon?

A

Ach

55
Q

the does the symp post ganglionin axon release? Parasymp post ganglionic axon?

A

symp post ganglionin axon release NE

parasymp post ganglionin axon release Ach

56
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system would you find cholinergic nicotinic receptors?

A

you would find them in ALL AUTONOMIC GANGLIA, both symp and parasym. They respond to Ach released by the para and symp pre ganglionic fibers.

you would also find them on the MOTOR END PLATES or skeletal muscle (some in the somatic nervous system).

57
Q

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are ____ receptors.

A

ionotropic receptors. they allow Na+ influx

58
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system would you find cholinergic MUSCARINIC receptors?

A

you would only find them on the EFFECTOR ORGANS when ACh is released from the POST GANGLIONIC axon, thus, muscarinic receptors respond to Ach release from the PARASYMPATHETIC NS.

59
Q

how many subtypes of muscarinic receptors are there?

A

5 subtypes, they are all metabotropic

60
Q

all adrenergic receptors are:

A

coupled to G proteins

61
Q

generally, you find beta 1 receptors in the

A

heart

62
Q

generally, alpha 1 receptors are coupled to which G protein response?

A

IP2 and Ca2+ G protein responses.

63
Q

what effect does alpha 2 have on g proteins?

A

blocks cAMP production, found in many glands.

64
Q

two types of sympathetic ganglia

A

sympathetic chain trunk ganglia, and collateral ganglia.

65
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system is more branched?

A

sympathetic.

66
Q

the ____ in the brain stem is the region most directly responsible for autonomic output (cardiovascular or digestion)

A

medulla

67
Q

the ____ maintains stability of the internal environment and integrates emotional and behavioral states

A

hypthalamus.

68
Q

the medulla can increase blood pressure by stimulating the sympathetic NS via the ____ nerve and by decrease the parasympathetic NS via the ____ nerve

A

the medulla can increase blood pressure by stimulating the sympathetic NS via the GREAT CARDIAC nerve and by decrease the parasympathetic NS via the VAGUS nerve

69
Q

which effectors are exceptions to the autonomic dual innervation system?

A

1) blood vessels are primarily controlled by sympathetic NS except the penis and clitoris
2) sweat glans are primarily controlled by sympathetic nervous system

70
Q

which gland is not under antagonistic control of the symp and para symp?

A

the salivary glands. both the symp and para symp induces saliva production, its just that the symp creates a more mucusy saliva

71
Q

____ blocks th effects of ACH at muscarinic receptors, but does not affect nicotinic receptors.

A

atropine

72
Q

contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system in terms of number of neurons from origin in CNS to effector organ

A

autonomic: 2 neuron chain that synapses together in a ganglia
somatic: a single neuron branches from the cns strait to the muscle

73
Q

contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system in terms of the organs that are innervated

A

autonomic: cardiac, smooth, exocrinegland and endocrine gland

somatic; skeletal muscle

74
Q

contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system in terms of type of innervation

A

autonomic NS is dually innervated

somatic NS: the effector organs is only innervated by one type of neuron (motor neuron)

75
Q

contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system in terms of neuro transmitter used at the effector organs

A

autonomic uses NE for sympathetic and Ach for parasym

somatic only uses Ach

76
Q

contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system in terms of their stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the effector organs

A

autonomic: can be stimulatory (simp) or inhibitory (Parasym)
somatic: only stimulatory

77
Q

contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system in terms of the higher centers involved in control

A

autonomic: medulla, hypothalamus, PFC, spinal cord
somatic: spinal cord, motor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum (fine movement), brainstem.

78
Q

contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system in terms of types of control

A

autonomic: under reflex control, may be voluntarily controlled with biofeedback ( ex u can control swallowing to an extent)
somatic: some reflex control, also voluntary control

BIOL-3602 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions