Chapter 4 Sociological Positivism Flashcards
A culture within a culture. The concept implies some degree of group self-sufficiency where individuals can interact, find employment, recreation and friends within the group.
Subculture
The patterned and relatively stable arrangement of roles and statuses found within societies and social institutions. They are inseparable from culture norms and values that also help shape status and social interaction
Social structure
Refers to a commonly agreed upon position, conclusion, or set of values and is normally used in reference to public opinion.
Consensus
An absence, breakdown, confusion or conflict in terms of the norms of society
Anomie - must have lower classes wanting the same values as the middle class because of blockage to achieve results in Merton's Strain Theory
An approach that emphasizes the characteristics of population groups and the mapped locations of such groups relative to one another; views of the social disorganization and characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of crime and victimization.
Ecological model ALSO known as the Chicago School.
The theory that crime and other deviant behaviour is most likely to occur where social institutions are not able to direct and control groups of individuals.
Social Disorganization Theory
Zones that are characterized by the frequent changed in population composition and high levels of social disorganization. These zones are typically located in inner cities
TRANSITION ZONE
The Concentric Zone Model is made up of what zones?
- Central business District
- Transitional Zone
- Recent immigrant groups
- Factories
- Abandoned buildings
- New condos
- Working-class Zone
- Single family tenements
- Residential Zone
- Single family homes
- yards/garages
- Commuter Zones
- Suburbs
An approach to theorizing that attempts to link the structure and organization of any human community interactions to interactions with its localized environment
Social Ecology
An emerging perspective that focuses on the importance of geological location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of criminal victimization
Environmental criminology theory
The concept that emerged from environmental criminology that suggest public space should and can be designed to create a sense of ownership in residents and users, This philosophy believes in the type of design can make space easier to defend from potential criminal activity
Defensible Space
A theory that claims occurrences of personal victimization are dependent on the routine of daily activities of people and are the outcome of these three elements:
- motivational offenders
- suitable targets
- the absence of suitable guardians
Routine Activities Theory
Refers to the state of interdependecy created by the specialization of roles. Individuals and institutions become dependent on others in a complex division of labour
Organic Solidarity
Merton’s Strain Theory of the “American Dream” of wealth status and success consists of: (5)
- Conformism (+/+)
- Innovation (+/-)
- Ritualism (-/+)
- Retreatism (-/-)
- Rebellion (+/+)
Those who violate social control are driven by biological dives (utilitarian calculus) and therefore are not contained by social control. Merton argues that some social structures exert definite pressure upon some individuals to engage in nonconformist rather than conformist acts
Strain Theory
- American Dream
- not everyone has the institutional means to achieve these cultural goals legitimately, turn to illegitimate means to achieve their goals
