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Antropology > Chapter 4 and 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 and 10 Flashcards

1
Q

A speech style used by individuals or groups in the performance of roles opposing or inverting the society outside of their group

A

Anti Language

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2
Q

A morpheme that has meaning only when used in conjunction with a word (such as the suffix -s to indicate plural)

A

Bound Morpheme

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3
Q

In language, the mastery of the elements (sounds, semantics, and grammar) of a language to be able to make intelligible utterances

A

Competence

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4
Q

A pidgin language that has become elaborated into a multi-functional language and distributed into a first language of the community

A

Creole

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5
Q

The use of two varieties of a language by members of a society for distinct functions or by distinct groups or classes of people

A

Diglossia

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6
Q

The linguistic feature that allows for communication about things that are “not here” in the sense of absent or out of view, past or future, conceptual or even imaginary. Humans are only creature who can do this.

A

Displacement

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7
Q

The “traditional”, usually oral, literature of a society, consisting of various genres such as myth, legend, folk tale, song, proverb, and many others

A

Folklore

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8
Q

A morpheme that has meaning in its own right, that can stand alone as a meaningful sound (for the most part, a word)

A

Free Morpheme

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9
Q

Same as syntax (how utterances come together to make sentences)

A

Grammar

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10
Q

Specialized forms of speech (terms, titles, tones, grammar, etc.) that convey respect or deference

A

Honorifics

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11
Q

The study of how body movements are used to communicate social information, sometimes referred to as “body language”

A

Kinesics

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12
Q

The claim that language is not only a medium for communication about experience but actually a more or less powerful constituent of that experience. Language consists of concepts, relations, and values, and speakers of different languages approach and interpret reality through different sets of concepts, relations, and values. Also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

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13
Q

The area of language dealing with how meaningful bits (usually but not exclusively words) are created and manipulated by the combination of language sounds

A

Morphology

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14
Q

The qualities which speakers can add to language to modify the factual or social meaning of speech, such as tone of voice, volume, pitch, speed and cadence, and “non-linguistic” sounds like grunts and snickers

A

Paralanguage

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15
Q

The smallest bit of contrastive sound in a language, that is, the minimal sound-unit that serves to distinguish between word-meanings in a language

A

Phoneme

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16
Q

The study of how sounds are used in a language (specifically which sounds occur and the practices for how they combine and interact)

A

Phonology

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17
Q

A simplified version of a language that is usually used for limited purposes, such as trade and economic interactions, by non-native speakers of the language (as in Melanesian pidgin versions of English). Usually an incomplete language that is not the “first” language of any group

A

Pidgen

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18
Q

The rules or practices regarding how language is used in particular social situations to convey particular social information, such as the relative status or power of the speakers

A

Pragmatics

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19
Q

The capacity of language to combine meaningless sounds to create new words or to combine words to create new utterances

A

Productivity

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20
Q

The study of how cultures use personal space (or “proximity”)

A

Proxemics

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21
Q

The set of meanings conveyed by a particular word, that is, the “range” of its referents or the variety of phenomena or conceptions that it names

A

Semantic Range

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22
Q

The study of meaning in language

A

Semantics

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23
Q

Same as pragmatics- how language conveys particular social information

A

Sociolinguistics

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24
Q

Language stores meaning in arbitrary & conventional symbols

A

Symbolism

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25
Q

The rules in a language for how words are combined to make intelligible utterances of speech acts (for example, sentences).

A

Syntax

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26
Q

Non-linguistic sounds that can accompany and affect the meaning of speech

A

Vocalizations

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27
Q

Symbolism, Productivity, Displacement, Rapid Fading, Interchangeability, Feedback, Semanticity, Arbitrariness, Discreteness, Reflexiveness, Prevarication, Learnability, Cultural Transmission

A

Key Design Features of Human Language

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28
Q

When you hear something then forget it

-Writing is the exception, but it’s not natural

A

Rapid Fading

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29
Q

Anything that a person is able to hear, they have the ability to reproduce through spoken language.

A

Interchangeability

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30
Q

People can provide responses based on what they’ve just heard

A

Feedback

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31
Q

Elements have a referential meaning to the world

A

Semanticity

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32
Q

Utterances and sounds are arbitrary

A

Arbitrariness

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33
Q

Language is composed of small, separable units

A

Discreteness

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34
Q

Language users can use language to talk about language

A

Reflexiveness

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35
Q

Language can be false

-We can lie

A

Prevarication

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36
Q

You can learn new languages

A

Learnability

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37
Q

Elements of language translated are properties of social groups

A

Cultural Transmission

38
Q

The spirits of dead family members who are believed to continue to reside near & interact w/ their living kin

A

Ancestor Spirts

39
Q

A type of religious belief in which impersonal spiritual forces exist in the world & affect human life & behavior

A

Animatism

40
Q

A type of religious belief in which natural objects (animals, plants, hills, lakes, moon, etc.) & forces (wind, rain, etc.) have spiritual components that interact socially w/ humans

A

Animism

41
Q

The belief & practice that objects that come in contact w/ each other have some supernatural connection w/ each other

A

Contagious Magic

42
Q

The form of theism or belief in god(s) that posits a creator god that does not take an active role or moral interest in human affairs

A

Deism

43
Q

A religious specialist who uses one of many techniques to “read” information from the supernatural world

A

Diviner

44
Q

A religious or spiritual being, generally regarded to be the disembodied spiritual part of a deceased human

A

Ghost

45
Q

Same as Sympathetic Magic. Belief & practice that objects that have something in common w/ each other have some supernatural connection w/ each other

A

Imitative Magic

46
Q

The condition of being “in between” or “on the margins” of social roles, in particular of being in transition (as during ritual) between one social role & another

A

Liminality

47
Q

The form of theism that includes belief in only one god/goddess

A

Monotheism

48
Q

A narrative, usually of the activities of supernatural beings, often telling of how some or all of the natural or social world was established. In addition to an “explanation” of origins, it also provides a “charter” or model for how humans should live today.

A

Myth

49
Q

A religious specialist (or any religious object or process) w/ the power to forecast the future or answer questions through communication w/ or manipulation of supernatural forces

A

Oracle

50
Q

A form of theism in which it is believed that “everything” is god, that the universe & all of the material world is the same thing as god, that god is “immanent” in & coextensive w/ the physical world

A

Pantheism

51
Q

The religious belief in two or more gods

A

Polytheism

52
Q

A form of linguistic religious ritual in which humans are believed to speak & interact w/ supernatural beings

A

Prayer

53
Q

A religious specialist, often full-time, who is trained in a religious tradition & acts as a functionary of a religious institution to lead ritual & perpetuate the religious institution

A

Priest

54
Q

A human who speaks for or receives messages from spirits

A

Prophet

55
Q

A form of ritual in which members of the society are brought into greater communion, in which social bonds are intensified

A

Rite of intensification

56
Q

A form of ritual intended to accompany or accomplish a change of status or role of the participants, such as limination (change from youth to adult) or marriage

A

Rite of Passage

57
Q

Any type of formal, repetitive behavior that is felt to have significance beyond the actions themselves. In particular, religious ritual is often composed of symbols, re-enacts supernatural/mythical events, & is believed to have efficacy if performed correctly

A

Ritual

58
Q

A ritual behavior in which something is destroyed or killed, as a form of offering to or communication w/ supernatural beings, which is usually believed to affect the social or spiritual condition of the sacrificer

A

Sacrifice

59
Q

A religious specialist, often part-time, who has personal power, based on unique life experiences or apprenticeship to a senior shaman, to communicate, interact, & sometimes struggle, w/ supernatural beings or forces. Often a healer

A

Shaman

60
Q

A religious specialist who uses techniques, including spells & potions, etc. to achieve supernatural effects

A

Sorcerer

61
Q

A religious concept of a non-material component or components of a living human. It is widely believed that a soul survives the death of the body, at least temporarily, & continues in another form of existence

A

Soul

62
Q

Also called imitative magic, the belief & practice that objects that have something in common w/ each other (e.g. same shape or texture) have some supernatural connection w/ each other

A

Sympathetic Magic

63
Q

The religious belief in one or more gods

A

Theism

64
Q

A religious conception that human individuals or groups have a symbolic or spiritual connection w/ particular natural species, objects, or phenomena

A

Totemism

65
Q

A religious specialist, often conceived as a human w/ a supernatural ability to harm others, sometimes through possession of an unnatural bodily organ or an unnatural personality. Sometimes viewed as an anti-social & even anti-human type who causes misfortune out of excessive greed or anger or jealousy

A

Witch

66
Q

Is arbitrariness-signal and meaning natural?

A

no

67
Q

What are things that are not present in language called?

A

Displacement

68
Q

What term makes and understands new messages

A

productivity

69
Q

WHat is the term for communicating about language

A

reflexiveness

70
Q

WHat is prevarication

A

false, deceptive or meaningless

71
Q

What is learnability

A

ability to learn another a language

72
Q

what is cultural transmission

A

property of group/ learned by interaction

73
Q

What is morpheme

A

sound that has meaning

74
Q

what is honorifics

A

convey respect or deference

75
Q

WHat is Thomas Theorem

A

if you believe something to be real it has real consequences

76
Q

What is illocutionary force?

A

bringing about social outcomes

77
Q

What is perlocutionary force?

A

impact on audience

78
Q

Paralanguage includes what five things

A

tone

pitch, speed, rhythm and volume

79
Q

What is sapir-whorf hypothesis

A

the structure of language greatly influences behavior

80
Q

Anthropomorphic is an example of what type of god

A

Christian God

81
Q

Zoomorphic animal form is an example of what type of God

A

grandmother spider

82
Q

naturalistic features of the natural world is what type of god

A

sprites

83
Q

What is the meaning of antropopsychic

A

personality similar to humans

84
Q

what is soul

A

non material components of a living human

85
Q

what are ghosts

A

disembodied spiritual part of a deceased human

86
Q

what are ancestor spirts

A

spirts of dead family members

87
Q

what are three steps of rites of passage

A

separation, liminality and reincorporation

88
Q

what is separation in rites of passage

A

removed from status

89
Q

what is liminality in a rite of passage

A

in between phase, dangerous

90
Q

what is reincorporation in a rite of passage

A

returned with new status

Antropology (5 decks)

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