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1
Q

sensation

A

stimulation of sense organs

2
Q

perception

A

interpretation of sensory input

3
Q

psychophysics

A

how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience (used to measure threshold)

4
Q

gustav fechner

A

discovered the concept of threshold

5
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimal amount of stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time

6
Q

threshold

A

at what point do we detect stimulus

7
Q

JND

A

smallest difference detectable between 2 stimuli

8
Q

Websters Law

A

Size of JND is proportional to size of original stimulus ex: 30-31, 60-62 etc

9
Q

signal detection theory

A

detection of sensory information is influenced by sensory processes and decision processes– hit, false alarm, miss, correct rejection

10
Q

“hit”

A

stimulus present and subjects response is present

11
Q

miss

A

stimulus present but subject response is absent

12
Q

absent

A

stimulus is absent but subject believes it is present

13
Q

correct rejection

A

stimulus is absent and subject believes it is absent

14
Q

Perception without awareness

A

advertising** used to influence buyers without buyers noticing

15
Q

subliminal perception

A

stimulus presented just beyond our threshold

16
Q

sensory adaptation

A

stimulus is present and doesn’t change but our reaction has changed– decline in sensitivity, overtime we become less sensitive to the stimulus

17
Q

synaesthesia

A

condition in which perceptual/cognitive activities trigger special experiences–senses overlap (ex see colour over math)

18
Q

Graphemes

A

numbers and letters have colour

19
Q

light

A

electromagnetic radiation

20
Q

brightness of light

A

amplitude (height of light wave)

21
Q

colour of light

A

wavelength, distance from one peak to the next, long-red, short-blue

22
Q

purity

A

mixture of wavelength in the light

23
Q

saturation

A

richness of colour, amount of whiteness in a colour impact saturation

24
Q

pure vs not pure (aka saturation)

A

pure- one wave

not pure- a bunch of wavelength

25
Q

retina

A

neural tissue at the back of our eye

26
Q

cornea

A

where light waves begin to penetrate our eyes, transparent

27
Q

anterior chamber,

A

filled with a fluid called aqueous humor, flows through canals, constantly being replaced, blockage in the canal leads to build up of pressure in the eye–> glaucoma, leads to blindness

28
Q

lens

A

lens refract the light waves when it enters the eye, bending the light waves causes it to be flipped and backwards
little muscles relax: lens fattens, near
little muscles flex: lens becomes thin, far

29
Q

vitreous humor

A

jelly like substance in the posterior chamber, developed as a fetus, leftover proteins are squiglys

30
Q

pupil

A

gap, changes in size in order to control the amount of light that is let in

31
Q

iris

A

coloured part of the eye, ring of muscle that control the contraction of pupil

32
Q

fovea

A

dip at the back of the eye, crispest vision

33
Q

saccade

A

tiny eye movements we are constantly making, constantly moving to fill the blind spot

34
Q

nearsighted

A

myopia, less round, more football shape, focus point falls in front of the retina

35
Q

far sighted

A

hyperopia, see further away, focus point behind retina

36
Q

presbyopia

A

happens when we get older the shape of our lens does not change as much as before, begin to have problems seeing things that are close to us

37
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

cones and rods

38
Q

rods

A

night vision, respond well to dim lighting , more, peripheral vision, no colour information

39
Q

cones

A

need lots of light, bright will be most active during the day, what gives us our colour vision

40
Q

dark adaption

A

rods react to darkness and increase sensitivity

41
Q

receptive fields

A

retinal area that affects firing of cell, ganglion is reactive to pinpricks of light
no light: action potential firing at a normal baseline
light in centre: basically turns on the cell, INCREASING firing rate
light in the surrounding: DECREASING firing rate

42
Q

computer vision function

A

computer models function the same way our receptor fields work, to find out what kind of information we can obtain from this, at the initial level our ganglions are receiving information on where the edges are

43
Q

Magnocellular

A

associated with ganglions that are large, cells that process information about brightness

44
Q

parvocellular

A

tend to be smaller, process colour information

45
Q

brain structures involved in vision

A

70 different parts of the brain involved in vision that work together (right visual field–> left brain, left visual field–> right brain)

46
Q

optic chiasm

A

point where information splits and crosses over into either right or left hemisphere

47
Q

pathway of visual information

A

optic nerve- optic chiasm- lateral geniculate nucleus- occipital cortex- primary visual cortex

48
Q

hubel and wiesel

A

simple- width and orientation of lines when in right position,
complex- width and orientation when in any position
primary cortex in occipital lobe, cells do not responds to pinpricks of light but lines, complex fire in response to the bar of light in the receptor field

49
Q

ventral pathway

A

what an object is

WHATs on TV

50
Q

dorsal pathway

A

where an object is and how to it

WHEREs the PD

51
Q

trichromatic theory- young and helmholtz

A

receptors 3 different photopigments(cones), sensitive to short medium or long wavelengths, different levels of neural activation translated into different colours

52
Q

opponent process theory- hering

A

3 pairs of antagonistic colours (red/green, black/white, blue/yellow), not just three cones, we have cells that bunch in an opponent process, each cells responds to two different colours, you fatigue the part that is responding to the colour you stare at, you see the opposite colour

53
Q

theory of vision

A

both are correct- trichromatic applies at retinal level, opponent process applies at retina( ganglion cells), LGN, and visual cortex

54
Q

effects of colour on behaviour

A

associations between colours and experiences
adaptive value- association to the colour depends on the context
ex RED negative in academic, positive in dating situations

55
Q

perceiving forms, patterns and objects

A

what you perceive depends on many things,

56
Q

perceptual set

A

readiness to perceive in a particular way

57
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to see visible objects or events because attention is focused elsewhere

58
Q

change blindness

A

we often miss large changes in our visual world without notice

59
Q

feature analysis

A

process of detecting specific (basic) elements in visual input and assemble into more complex form

60
Q

gestalt theory

A

whole can be greater than the sum of its parts, figure (close to you) and ground (background)

61
Q

distal

A

stimuli outside the body

62
Q

proximal

A

stimulus energies impinging on sensory receptors, pattern of light that the distal stimulus casts on your retina, sometimes hard to recognize… context will influence

63
Q

binocular cues

A

cues from both eyes

64
Q

retinal disparity

A

difference between the 2 images projected on each retina

65
Q

monocular cue

A

information from one eye

66
Q

convergence

A

eyes turn toward each other to focus on near objects

67
Q

motion parallax

A

depends on one eye- objects at different distances move at different rates, things that are close to you move a lot more in comparison to objects further away

68
Q

accomodation

A

when you are focusing on something close vs far the shape of your lens has to change

69
Q

pictorial cues

A

take advantage of pictorial cues, ex linear perspective, realtive size, texture gradiant, shadow etc

70
Q

perceptual constancies

A

stable perceptions amid changing stimuli ex size and shape (what we are looking at is constantly changing in terms of our retina, as things change, your visual system assumes its not the case that the object has gotten bigger, just closer)

71
Q

optical illusion

A

inexplicable discrepancy between appearance and reality (the visual system interprets the angles in certain way because of our society)

72
Q

Ames room

A

visual system overrides what you are actually seeing, can sometimes be used in movies to fool your visual system)|_\

73
Q

Hearing

A

amplitude and frequency (also prosody) specific mixture of sound waves will cause timbre

74
Q

amplitude

A

dB decibels- sound pressure

75
Q

frequency

A

Hz- cycles per second

76
Q

prosody

A

melodic musical quality of our voices

77
Q

aprosodia

A

someone who cant pick up on musical qualities

78
Q

human hearing range

A

20-20000 hz

79
Q

pinna

A

external ear, directs sound waves toward auditory canal

80
Q

ear drum

A

piece of membrane that vibrates when they encounter sound waves

81
Q

ossicles

A

tiny chain of bones hammer anvil and stirup

82
Q

cochlea

A

tiny structure in inner ear, filled with fluid when the sound travels through it will lead to vibrations of the fluid

83
Q

auditory nerve

A

axons, once neural impulse are formed they travle through the auditory nerve to the brain

84
Q

basilar membrane

A

cilia, vibration of fluid leads to bumping or sheering of cilia they cause a neural impulse into the brain processed by the thalamus then into the auditory cortex which is in the temporal lobe, cilia do not grow back

85
Q

place theory

A

von helmholtz 1863 high frequency sound the specific area of high frequency sound will vibrate along that specific part of the cochlea not the whole thing

86
Q

Frequency theory

A

Rutherford 1886

we would have the cochlea firing at a frequency of the sound we are hearing

87
Q

Initial hearing sound

A

at the base of the cochlea was higher frequency sounds and apex was lower frequency

88
Q

George Von Bekesy 1947- traveling wave theory

A

when we bring the two thoeries together; the whole basilar membrane does vibrate but depending on specific frequency of the sounds it will increase vibration in certain parts of the cochlea, biggest vibration will occur at the coding area for that frequency

89
Q

Volley principal

A

if we have extremely high frequency sounds it isnt just coding cells, we need pools of neurons to work in succession, groups of neurons that fire one after the other that code for very high frequency sounds

90
Q

auditory localization

A

Two cues:

1) timing of sounds arriving at each ear (if i have a sound coming from the right side, it will arrive at the right ear first and brain will pick up on that– brain can pick up on a difference as small as one hundreth of a second)
2) intensity aka loudness (if a sound is coming from a right side not only will it get processed first it will be louder in that ear)

91
Q

Gustation aka taste

A

receptors in taste buds react to soluble chemical substances (dissolved in our saliva) taste buds are being replace constantly (approx. a week in a half)
taste buds–> neural impulse–> thalamus–> insular cortex

92
Q

distribution of taste buds

A

certain parts of our tongue are more sensitive to taste, but the whole tongue can pick up on taste, each person has a different distribution of taste buds on their tongue

93
Q

5 Tastes

A

sweet, salty, sour, umami, bitter

94
Q

super taster

A

super sensitive to certain tastes (picky eaters) 25% less smokers, less sweets etc usually healthier

95
Q

cultural and social influence on taste

A

taught to enjopy certain things often within our culture ex worms, fish eyes, blood (if we are exposed at a young age we might enjoy)

96
Q

perception of taste

A

multi sensory experience, smell/taste

97
Q

olfactory cilia

A

receptors cells for smell

98
Q

olfactory process

A

physical stimuli associated without a sense of smell of substances carried through the air dissolved in the mucus nasal cavity, (cilia are replaced about 30-60 days) olfactory cilia–>neural impulse–> olfactory nerve–> olfactory bulb (brain)

99
Q

skin senses

A

mechanical, thermal, chemical– energies impinging on the skin

100
Q

skin sensory receptors

A

six types Ex pressure, pain, temperature,

101
Q

touch process

A

sensory receptors–> the spinal column–> brainstem–> thalamus–> somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

102
Q

pathway for pain signals

A

delta fiber c fiber, descending pathway

103
Q

Delta Fiber

A

associated with myelinated axons, these signals will be very very fast, first thing that will kick in

104
Q

c Fiber

A

non-myelinated axons that will be that pain that you feel after initial pain (throbbing)

105
Q

descending pathway

A

from the brain, it goes down and connects to the other pathways, modifies or changes the pain happening in other pathways, focusing on something else might lessen feeling of pain

106
Q

kinesthesis

A

knowing the position of the various parts of the body, where we are in space– receptors in joints/muscles (where limbs are, if muscles are flexed)

107
Q

Vestibular

A

equilibrium and balance
semicircular canals
a lot of balance is connected to visual system (stabilize the image, allow for clear image when shaking head–damaged canal-appear that world is shaking)