Chapter 4

Question 1

Social structure

Answer 1

Recurrent pattern of relationships

Question 2

Status

Answer 2

Basic building block of society; One’s position in a group relative to others

Question 3

Achieved status

Answer 3

Position a person can achieve

Question 4

Ascribed status

Answer 4

Position that is fixed by birth or inheritance

Question 5

Status set

Answer 5

Combination of statuses

Question 6

Issues on analyzing a status structure

Answer 6

Number and types of statuses, distribution of people among statuses, consequences of holding different statuses, and combos of statuses

Question 7

Social interaction

Answer 7

Ways individuals interact in everyday situations

Question 8

Role strain

Answer 8

Incompatible role demands develop in a single status

Question 9

Role conflict

Answer 9

Incompatible role demands develop in multiple statuses

Question 10

Statuses:role

Answer 10

Cast of characters: script, occupy:play

Question 11

Institutions

Answer 11

Enduring, complex social structures that meet basic human needs

Question 12

Basic institutions

Answer 12

Family, economy, government, education, and religion

Question 13

Are institutions interdependent?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

S-F theory and institutions

Answer 14

Parts institutions play in creating social and personal stability; How institutions stabilize society

Question 15

Conflict theory and institutions

Answer 15

Role of institutions in legitimizing inequality; Why a society’s institution are built around certain patterns, who established these patterns, and who benefits the most

Question 16

Hunter-gather societies

Answer 16

Obtain food by killing wild animals and finding other foods; Basic units are household and local bands; Simple division of labor based on sex and age

Question 17

Horticultural societies

Answer 17

Based on small-scale, simple farming, occasionally grow surplus, emerging hierarchy and division of labor

Question 18

Agricultural societies

Answer 18

Economies based on growing food using plows and beasts of burden; occupational diversity; great division of labor, new technology, more military

Question 19

Industrial societies

Answer 19

Economy built primarily around the mass production of nonag goods using mechanical energy

Question 20

Postindustrial societies

Answer 20

Focus on producing info or services

Question 21

Gemeinschaft

Answer 21

People share close, personal bonds with most around them

Question 22

Gesellschaft

Answer 22

People are tied primarily by impersonal, practical bonds

Question 23

Sociology of every day life

Answer 23

Social processes that structure our experience in ordinary situations

Question 24

Frame

Answer 24

Set of expectations about the nature of the interaction that is taking place

Question 25

Dramaturgy

Answer 25

Views social situations as scenes manipulated by the actors to convey the desired impression to the audience

Question 26

Impression management

Answer 26

Work we do to control others’ views of us

Question 27

Accounts

Answer 27

Explanations of unexpected or untoward behavior; Excuses and justifications

Question 28

Excuse

Answer 28

Individual admits that the act is wrong/inappropriate but claims s/he couldn’t help it

Question 29

Justifications

Answer 29

Accounts that explain a rule violation based on some higher value

Question 30

Spoiled identities

Answer 30

IDs extremely low in status